Методические указания и задания для домашней контрольной работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (профессиональная лексика)» (английский) (стр. 3 )

Arson

In common law, arson consisted of setting fire to the dwelling of another person. In English law any kind of damage deliberately caused by fire—even setting fire to rubbish—is now arson, but generally setting fire to a building is necessary.

The gravity of the crime may depend on the extent to which life is endangered—the law may distinguish between arson endan­gering life, or arson of occupied buildings, and other forms of arson, but most systems consider the crime a serious one. The motivation of those who commit arson differs—arson may be committed as an act of revenge against an employer or by a jealous lover, for example, or by persons who find excitement in fires or have pathological impulses to set fires. Pathological behaviour or feelings happen regularly, are unreasonable, and impossible to control. Pupils out of resentment or simple van­dalism sometimes set schools on fire. [Resentment is a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is un­fair. Vandalism is the crime of deliberately damaging things, especially public property.]

Some arson is more rationally mo­tivated—a burglar may set fire to a house to conceal the evi­dence of his crime, as may an employee who is anxious to con­ceal accounts from an auditor. [Burglar is someone who gets into houses, shops etc to steal things. Auditor is someone whose job is to officially examine a company's financial records.] An­other phenomenon is setting fire to premises belonging to the fire setter in order to make a fraudulent insurance claim.

7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

What did arson consist of in common law? What is arson in English law now? What may the gravity of the crime de­pend on? What act may arson be committed as?

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.

The government doesn't consider/ considers it necessary to eliminate
the distinction between barristers and solicitors. The judge/barrister is the presiding/minor officer of the court. Judges themselves are a separate profession. A barrister always enters the judiciary at the highest/lowest level. A judge/law executive decides the interpretation of the law.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:

assault, case, disobey, fraud, imprisonment, innocence, violation, summon,  enforce law, pass a law.

3. Соотнесите английские и русские словосочетания:

a civil action council for the defence to seek legal advice to deal with convincing to conduct the case

Адвокат искать юридического совета  вести дело гражданское дело иметь дело с составлением нотариальных актов

4.  Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.

The British police officer is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. The police caught the suspect. It was a terrible accident. Don crashed into another car. A company promised to deliver a new machine by 1 September. The airport has been surrounded by soldiers.

5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:

The material evidence to be examined in the FBI Laboratory will be sufficient to convict the defendant. On the day this robbery is supposed to have been committed he swears he was working in the library all day. We expect our future detectives to learn how to use inform­ ants through personal experience It is a traditional function for English judges to apply existing rules of law to the cases before them. It is not necessary for magistrates to have any legal education.

6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите 1, 3, 6 абзацы на русский язык:

Young offenders

(1) Criminal proceedings cannot be brought against children below the age of 10 years. Offenders between the age of 10 years. Offenders between the ages of 10 and 18 fall within the jurisdiction of youth courts. The same probation, curfew and community service orders may be given to 16-and 17-year-olds as to older offenders. Also available to the court are supervision orders or attendance center orders.

(2) Under a supervision order-which may remain in force for not more than three years-a child (10-13 years old) or young person (14-17 years old) normally lives at home under the supervision of a social worker or a probation officer. The order may require the offender to live in local authority accommodation and / or participate in specified activities at specified times.

(3) Crown Court powers to order long periods of detention for young offenders who commit serious crimes are extended under the provisions of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 to include 10-to 13-year-olds. The courts may detain 10-to 13-year-olds convicted of an offence for which an adult can be jailed for 14 years or more (including rape, arson, domestic burglary and robbery). Previously they could be given long terms of detention only if they had been convicted of murder or manslaughter.

(4) Detention may be in a local authority secure residential unit, a center managed by the Youth Treatment Service or a young offender institution.

(5) The basic custodial sentence for those aged 15 to 21 is detention in a young offender institution. Alternatives include fines and compensation, attendance center orders (for up to 36 hours) and community service orders (for between 40 and 240 hours).

(6) Under the 1994 legislation, courts can order parents to ensure that their children comply with community sentences. In every case when an offender aged between 10 and 15 years receives a community sentence, the court is under a duty to consider such an order. Courts have a power, as opposed to a duty, in the case of 16- and 17- year-old. Courts are also empowered to impose a secure training order on persistent offenders aged between 12 and 14. The order means a period of detention in a secure training center followed by a period of supervision; it is available for young offenders who have committed three or more imprisonable offences and who have failed to respond to punishment in the community. A further provision doubles the maximum sentence for 15-to 17-year-olds in a young offender institution from one to two years.

7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

Where can a child live under supervision order? What courts order long periods of detention for young offenders? What are the alternatives for detention? What is a community sentence?

Вариант 6

1. Перепишите предложение, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.

England has two different kinds of lawyers solicitors and barristers /solicitors and judges. The client with a legal problem will first approach a legal executive/solicitor.   Solicitors work on court cases of clients in/ outside the court.   The Bar/ Law Society is a governing body of solicitors. The highest level barristers have the title of Queen's Counsel/ Queen's Advocate.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:

civil,  codify, inherit, observance, plaintiff, probation, prosecution, rape,  court decision, customary rules.

3. Соотнесите английские и русские словосочетания:

a civil action council for the defence forms of behaviour to regulate the relations to conduct the case

адвокат формы поведения  вести дело гражданское дело регулировать отношения

4. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.

Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central Government's Home Office. The jury listened to the evidence. The two men broke into the museum and stole some paintings. A rugby player is so angry with the referee during a game that he hits him and breaks his nose. A new president is elected every four years in the USA.

5. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык:

There are four methods for an American lawyer to become a judge. Books by Conan Doyle are known to have been translated in our country. The Bill of Rights (1689) proved to be the basic instrument of the British Constitution. The crime is reported to have been committed by a group of young people. This case is unlikely to be investigated quickly.

6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите 1, 2, 5 абзацы на русский язык:

THE HISTORY OF POLICE FORCES

(1) Police is the agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic police mission — preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws — was the same in ancient societies as it is in the contemporary sophisticated urban environments.

(2) During the Middle Ages, policing authority was the responsibility of local nobles on their individual estates. Each noble generally appointed an official, known as a constable, to carry out the law. The constable's duties included keeping the peace and arresting and guarding criminals. For many decades constables were unpaid citizens who took turns at the job, which became increasingly burdensome and the mid-16th century, wealthy citizens often resorted to paying deputies to assume their turns as constables; as this practice became widespread, the quality of the constables declined drastically.

(3) Police forces developed throughout the centuries, taking various forms. In France during the 17th century King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organisation consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with details about the conduct of private individuals. The king could then exercise the kind of justice he saw fit. This system continued during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution, two separate police bodies were set up, one to handle ordinary duties and the other to deal with political crimes.