Английский язык в сфере компьютерных и телекоммуникационных технологий (стр. 23 )

b) Form nouns out of the following adjectives and translate them.

Capable; narrative; commercial; interactive; humorous; surprisingly; live; private; able; social; specific; molecular;  chemical; medical; potential; toxic; necessary; incapable; productive; autonomous; mechanical; spatial; consciousness; availability; desirable; accurate; achievable; electric;

c) Translate the verbs with prefix 're' in the meaning of repeated action – “пере-“, “снова”, “заново”.

E. g.: toroute - направлять по определенному маршруту, toreroute – распределять

Reenforce; reenter; reappear; reapply; rebeam; rebuild; reprove; recalibrate; recall; retreat; recess; recharge; recognize; react; recycle; reform; redefine; redial.

d) Translate the word combinations with prefix 'un'.

Unmanned machining; unacceptable reliability; unattainable goal; unaccomplished task; unadjusted moment; unaffected zone; unambiguous definition; unballasted condition; unbiased error; unbound particle; unclosed contour; undercurrent relay; unexplored territory; unfinished sequence; unguided rays; unloaded antenna; unmodified frequency system; unoccupied energy level.

EXERCISE 4

Divide the text intologicalparts. Describethemainideaofeachlogicalpartinoneor two sentences. Findinthetextabstractsaboutapplication of nanotechnologies.

EXERCISE 5

Make writing translation of abstracts 2-4 and 7. Letyourpartnercommentonyourtranslation.

EXERCISE 6

Clarify information from the text you are interested in with your partners(Ask 4-5 questions).

EXERCISE 7

What sort of information has practical (theoretical) importance for you?

EXERCISE 8

Make up a summary of the text.

UNIT VIII

MICROBOTICS

EXERCISE 1

Read and translate the text.

Microbotics (or microrobotics) is the field of miniature robotics, in particular mobile robots with characteristic dimensions less than 1 mm. The term can also be used for robots capable of handling micrometer size components.

Microbotics is that branch of robotics, which deals with the study and application of miniature ones like mobile robots of micrometre scale.

While the 'micro' prefix has been used subjectively to mean small, standardizing on length scales avoids confusion. Thus a nanorobot would have characteristic dimensions at or below 1 micrometer, or manipulate components on the 1 to 1000 nm size range. A microrobot would have characteristic dimensions less than 1 millimeter, a millirobot would have dimensions less than a cm, a minirobot would have dimensions less than 10 cm, and a small robot would have dimensions less than 100 cm.

The earliest research and conceptual design of such small robots was conducted in the early 1970s in (then) classified research for U. S. intelligence agencies. Applications envisioned at that time included prisoner of war rescue assistance and electronic intercept missions. The underlying miniaturization support technologies were not fully developed at that time, so that progress in prototype development was not immediately forthcoming from this early set of calculations and concept design. (ESL Inc., 1970)

The concept of building very small robots, and benefiting from recent advances in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Due to their small size, microbots are potentially very cheap, and could be used in large numbers (swarm robotics) to explore environments which are too small or too dangerous for people or larger robots. It is expected that microbots will be useful in applications such as looking for survivors in collapsed buildings after an earthquake, or crawling through the digestive tract. What microbots lack in brawn or computational power, they can make up for by using large numbers, as in swarms of microbots.

Microbots were born thanks to the appearance of the microcontroller in the last decade of the 20th century, and the appearance of miniature mechanical systems on silicon (MEMS), although many microbots do not use silicon for mechanical components other than sensors.

One of the major challenges in developing a microrobot is to achieve motion using a very limited power supply. The microrobots can use a small lightweight battery source like a coin cell or can scavenge power from the surrounding environment in the form of vibration or light energy. Microrobots are also now using biological motors as power sources, such as flagellated Serratiamarcescens, to draw chemical power from the surrounding fluid to actuate the robotic device. These biorobots can be directly controlled by stimuli such as chemotaxis or galvanotaxis with several control schemes available.

Nowadays, owing chiefly to wireless connections, like Wi-Fi (i. e. in domotic networks) the microbot's communication capacity has risen, so it can coordinate with other microbots to carry out more complex tasks.

As of 2008, the smallest microrobots use a Scratch Drive Actuator.

EXERCISE 2

Say, to what degree the title can help understand the content of the text.

EXERCISE 3

Enumerate application areas of microbots.

EXERCISE 4

Divide the text into logic parts and find a sentence in each part that describes its main idea. Titletheparts.

EXERCISE 5

Make a short plan for retelling the text.

EXERCISE 6

Say in English what information is new for you and what is well known.

EXERCISE 7

What do you think is the advantage of using microbots over humonoids?

EXERCISE 8

Speak up on general trends in automation production.

EXERCISE9

Comment on the abstracts in the text describing advantages of microbots. Use active vocabulary. Exchangeopinionsaboutfacts fromthetext. Useactivevocabularyandspeechpatterns.

Example

A: Can you say a few words about microbotics history? The system finds a wide application now and has a lot of benefits.

B: As I know, it has a brief history but...

Possible speech patterns:

I would like to note/emphasize; to my knowledge; first of all; I want to say that, etc.

UNIT IX

ROBOTIC SURGERY

EXERCISE 1

Read and translate the text.

Robotic surgery, computer-assisted surgery, and robotically-assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures.

Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to overcome both the limitations of minimally invasive surgery or to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. In the case of robotically assisted minimally invasive surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments; either a direct telemanipulator or by computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery whilst the robotic arms carry out those movements using end-effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient. In computer-controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerised method is that the surgeon does not have to be present, indeed the surgeon could be anywhere in the world, leading to the possibility for remote surgery. In the case of enhanced open surgery, autonomous instruments (in familiar configurations) replace traditional steel tools, performing certain actions (such as rib spreading) with much smoother, feedback-controlled motions than could ever be achieved by a human hand. The main object of such smart instruments is to reduce or eliminate the tissue trauma traditionally associated with open surgery without requiring more than a few minutes' training on the part of surgeons. This approach seeks to improve that lion's share of surgeries, particularly cardio-thoracic, that minimally invasive techniques have so failed to supplant.

In 1985 a robot, the PUMA 560, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance. In 1988, the PROBOT, developed at Imperial College London, was used to perform prostatic surgery. The da Vinci Surgical System comprises three components: a surgeon’s console, a patient-side robotic cart with 4 arms manipulated by the surgeon (one to control the camera and three to manipulate instruments), and a high-definition 3D vision system. The da Vinci senses the surgeon’s hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically.

Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Some major advantages of robotic surgery are precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions, decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification, resulting in improved ergonomics. Robotic techniques are also associated with reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication.

With the cost of the robot at $1,200,000 dollars and disposable supply costs of $1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher. Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system. Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ rgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must operate on twelve to eighteen patients before they adapt. Moreover during the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain. Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.