Английский язык в сфере компьютерных и телекоммуникационных технологий (стр. 3 )

4.        Sometimes programming languages are used to program another machine.

5.        The programming languages are classified into different grades according to the theory of computation.

6.        Markup languages like HTML or formal grammars like BNF are usually considered programming languages.

7.        Programming languages unlike any type of human expression require much precision and completeness.

8.        There is an opinion that modern computers are so much sophisticated  and they can understand the code the programmer “intended” to write. Do you agree?

EXERCISE5

Language work. Try to guess the meaning of the following words from the text. The words in the text are given in italics.

Particularly

Host

Markup

Intended

Ambiguous

Precisely

EXERCISE 6

Find a word in the text that has the same or similar meaning to the italicized word:

Synthetic language, To fulfill the same set of algorithms, Conduct (n) of a machine, Single out (v) the external behaviour, Specifically (adv) a computer, Assist (v) in communication, demand (v) a greater degree of precision, Exact (adj) and make small errors, Characteristics (n) consider certain requirements, To be performed (v ) (about the program), Purpose (n) of the language.

EXERCISE 7

Open brackets and use active or passive form of the verb. Consult the text if necessary.

1.Thousands of different programming languages (to have created), and new ones (to create) every year.

2.Computer programs (to instruct) a computer to perform computation, and to organize the flow of control between external devices.

3.Programming languages (to differ) from natural languages in that natural languages only (to use) for interaction between people.

4.In some cases, the programming languages (to use) by one program or machine to program another.

5.HTML or BNF languages usually (not/to consider) programming languages.

6. Unlike most forms of human expression, programming languages (to require) precision and completeness.

puters (to do) exactly what they (to talk) to do.

EXERCISE 8

Complete the sentences using correct passive or active form of the verb after a modal verb.

1.A programming language (can/use) to control the behaviour of the computer.

2.Programming languages (may/contain) elements to define data structures or to control the flow of execution.

3.The combination of the language definition (must/specify) fully the external behaviour that occurs when the program is executed.

4.Languages are classified according to computations they (can/express).

5.However, computers (not/can/ understand) what the programmer ‘intends’ to write.

6.The same set of algorithms (can/implement) into all Turing complete languages.

EXERCISE9

Read and translate the following text using the dictionary. Choose the right meaning and open brackets. Title the text.

Many languages have been designed (from scratch/ from the beginning), altered to meet new needs, combined with other languages, and eventually fallen into disuse. Although there have been attempts to design one (universal/wide-spread) computer language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed to be accepted in this role. The need for (different /diverse) computer languages arises from the diversity of contexts in which languages are used:

One common (direction/ trend) in the development of programming languages has been to add more ability to solve problems using a higher level of abstraction. The earliest programming languages were (fastened/ tied) very closely to the underlying hardware of the computer. As new programming languages have developed, features have been added that let programmers express (ideas/thoughts) that are more removed from simple translation into underlying hardware instructions. Because programmers are less tied to the needs of the computer, their programs can do more computing with less (effort/attempt) from the programmer. This lets them write more programs in the same (quantity/amount) of time.

Natural language processors have been (proposed/nominated) as a way to eliminate the need for a specialized language for programming. However, this (goal/intention) remains distant and its benefits are open to debate.

Notes to the text:

1.From scratch – ab ovo, from the very beginning – to start at the beginning, without being allowed any advantages. Eg: Recently, there have been investigations on how to reorganize an existing web site. But none of them has addressed the problem of organizing a web site automatically from scratch.

2. to fall into disuse – to come into disuse, to get out of use - state of no longer being used. Eg: Jacquard looms and Charles Babbage's Difference Engine both had extremely limited languages, so punch cards very soon fell into disuse.

EXERCISE 10

Learn the terms from the text below:

equation— уравнение, приравнивание

listofinstructions — переченькоманд

guard— защищать; предохранять; завершать; за­канчивать

appropriatesequence— необходимая (требуемая) последовательность

programlogic — логическая последовательность выпол­нения программы

flowchart— блок-схема; составлять блок-схе­му

flowcharting — построение блок-схемы

pictorialrepresentation — наглядное представление

predefinedsymbols— заранее заданные символы

specifics— специальные черты; характерные особенности

emplate [im'pleit] — шаблон; маска; образец; эталон

pseudocode— псевдокод; псевдопро­грамма

burden— издержки; затраты

programmingrules — правила программирования

consume — потреблять; расходовать

emphasize— выделять; подчеркивать

top-downapproach — принцип нисходящей разработки

loopinglogic — логическая схема выполнения (опера­ций) в цикле

Text III

Computer Programming

EXERCISE 1

Read and translate the text.

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms; it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbols shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.

Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

EXERCISE 2

Learn the terms from text:

programminglanguage – язык программирования

codedform – кодированное представление; кодированный вид

toconvey — передавать; сообщать

toimprove — улучшать, совершенствовать

machine-orientedlanguage — машинно-ориентирован­ный язык

business-orientedlanguage — язык для (программирования)  экономических задач

problem-orientedlanguage — проблемно-ориентированный язык

stringofbinary — строка двоичного представления

datahandling — обработка данных; работа с данными

field-namelength — длинаимениполя

incorporatefeatures — включать свойства, особенности

versatile — многофункциональный; разносторонний; универсальный

generous — большой, значительный (о количестве)

mathematicalrelationship — математическая связь (соотношение)

EXERCISE 3

Find the English equivalents to the words from the text.

шаблон; необходимая последовательность; совокупность закодированных команд; суть компьютерного программирования; защищать от ошибок; кодирование посредством алгоритма; формулы, уравнения, вычисления; обработать особым образом; логическая последовательность выполнения программы; перечень команд; составлять план логической последовательности; общепринятая методика; построение блок-схемы; наглядное представление; заранее заданные символы; псевдопрограмма; без издержек; выделять принцип нисходящей обработки; расходовать меньше времени; логическая схема выполнения операций в цикле; необходимая последовательность операций.

EXERCISE 4

Find the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations

Программав двоичном коде; прикладная программа; программа, выполняемая в защищенном режиме; (не) совместимая программа; бесплатная программа; программа отладки; часто используемая (распространенная) программа; сервисная программа;  сторожевая программа; дистанционная программа; программа моделирования; вспомогательная программа; программа для доступа (к данным); программа, работающая с базой данных; обучающая программа; универсальная программа; программа обработки данных; программа операционной системы (системная программа); выполняемая программа; сетевая /несетевая программа; самозагружающаяся программа; программа управления; программа обнаружения вирусов, заархивированная программа; программа, выполняемая с большой скоростью.