19. Urethane spray insulation is applied directly to roof spans.
20. The initial phase of the Air Terminal Building provides 630.000 sq. ft. of floor area and is designed for over 3 million air travelers annually.
21. The use of precast concrete afforded strength, quality finish, as well as cost control through the use of repetitive units.
22. The deflection problem was overcome by introducing Freyssinet flat jacks between the first floor columns and their supporting transfer girder.
23. The construction industry in an effort to control costs had introduced more sophisticated building materials and method of construction.
Конверсия
Образование новых слов из существительных без изменения написания слов называется конверсией. Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от соответствующих существительных.
Например:
water - вода to water - поливать
concrete - бетон to concrete - бетонировать
test - испытание, опыт to test - испытывать, делать опыты
Встречаются совпадающие по форме прилагательные и глаголы.
Например:
empty - пустой tо empty - опорожнять
clean - чистый to clean - чистить
cool - прохладный to cool - охлаждать
Иногда совпадают формы у нескольких частей речи. Например, light может быть существительным со значением свет, прилагательным со значением легкий, глаголом со значением зажигать.
Показателями того, к какой части речи относится данное слово, являются служебные слова (артикли и частицы) и порядок слов.
Упражнения
1. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные слова:
1. А new aluminum panel is being manufactured at the plant.
2. Builders sometime panel, the inside wall of buildings with plastics.
3. The roof is constructed from precast post-tensioned beams.
4. Using steel sheet the contractors were able to roof the stadium quickly.
5. The bridge has two 115 ft spans.
6. This bridge spans the deep waters of the river.
7. The ground floor of the office block houses a computer and other machines.
8. The house, garage and storage area comprise 4094 sq. ft.
9. Two trusses would support; four floors.
10. The complete form for one truss was made of plywood.
11. Prestressed double tees form the roof system which supports the necessary solar collectors.
12. Much experience has been gained in the use of reinforced concrete.
13. Scientists experience great difficulties in putting their discoveries into effect.
II. Переведите следующие предложения со словарем, обращая внимание на слова, образованные по конверсии:
1. Our industry has experienced a tremendous growth in recent years.
2. The pipeline is designed to pump 32 billion cu. m. of gas yearly.
3. These walls heat or cool the ground floor by convection and radiation.
4. The bridge would span the American River in California the Auburn Dam site.
5. Fires damage parts of buildings and whole buildings.
6. Several bridges span the river.
7. We often face brick walls with plastic tiles.
8. The need for buildings of all kinds is great in many countries.
9. Builders often finish surfaces in plastic materials.
10. A single-storey office block faces the main road.
11. The problem of reducing fire damage faces all branches of industry.
12. Helicopters place prefab units with a great degree of accuracy.
13. The building was completely finished within a year.
14. Approximately 6 days were required to erect and tension the four trusses which would support two floors.
15. Over-vibration may cause segregation of concrete.
16. The design of steel and concrete structures dates back more than a century.
17. In plan the roof is 167 ft wide and 262 ft long.
18. The foundations rest on piles of 110m diameter, driven to a depth, of up to 10 m.
19. The wire had been shipped to the construction site ia Florida.
20. Large industrial plant in a rural setting was carefully sited and landscaped to minimize its impact on the environment.
21. Different kinds of cranes speed up construction work.
22. Speed of construction is the most important requirement on expensive sites.
Ш. Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова;
1. The scheme includes three 20 storey blocks which will tower to 180 ft.
2. Air temperatures in Montreal range from -30 to +38 C.
3. The study hall will house a wide variety of events and a flexible system for lighting has been devised.
4. Polyurethane foams are produced for a wide range of applications.
5. To achieve lightness of the floor slabs the large-span slabs in the tower, are comprised of precast beams with precast panels spanning between them.
6. There are two columns on each face of the building.
7. The heaviest segment was limited to 9 tons.
8. At the University of Aberdeen, there is a new and unusual building designed to house a number of small animals required for medical research.
9. Today, complex designs must be produced accurately and rapidly.
10. To span the roof we used eleven 60-ft prestressed beams, each weighing 6 1/2 tons, placed at 10 ft centres.
11. The University has completed a project which includes laboratory testing of the panels and the construction and testing of a full-scale bridge.
12. Concrete is the building industry's most important material in Great Britain.
13. Panels 11 ft high of double glazing are attached to the outer face of the wall panels.
14. Framework must be designed to safely support all loads that might be applied without undesired deformations or settlements.
15. The company offered an extensive rangе of pumps and other equipment.
Задание 2.4
Многозначность слов
Многозначность слов часто вызывает большие трудности при переводе с английского языка на русский. Например, слово flat может быть существительным "квартира", а также прилагательным "плоский". Подобрать нужное значение слова можно только исходя из контекста.
Например:
The sun was shining in my face - Солнце светило мне в лицо.
While making the experiments he faced many difficulties.
Проводя опыты, он столкнулся со многими трудностями.
Grey marble was used to face the brick walls.
Серый мрамор использовали для облицовки кирпичных стен.
The table was piled with books. - Стол был завален книгами.
There was a pile carpet in the middle of the room.
В середине комнаты был шерстяной ковер.
Various types and sizes of рiles were driven and tested.
Были испытаны и забиты сваи различных типов (видов) и размеров.
Задание 2.5
1. Определите, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова. Найдите их значения в словаре и переведите предложения.
1. - bed
1. In the room for the daughter there is space for an extra bed.
2. They crossed a dry river bed.
3. A precast element could be lifted from a truck bed on the ground and lowered into place.
2. - support
1. The idea of driving wooden piles into the bed of the river in order to support a platform was put into practice long ago.
2. She needs your supports
3. To provide horizontal support, chairs (подпорка, прокладка) with three оr four jacks were provided.
3. - development
1. The second plan of the development of Moscow, envisaging great housing construction, was started in 1951.
2. The development consists of оne 16 storey block, containing 91 flats and 55 houses plus some garages.
3. Development of key ports and harbors will require 300 million dollars.
4. - design
1. The design of the dwellings has been developed with a view to series production.
2. All rooms have been designed as bed sitting, and work-room.
3. One of the scientific and technological programmers of the current five-year plan is designed to further improve labour safety and make working conditions healthier.
5. - solution
1. The walls and towers were protected with a special water-resistant solution.
2. A city of this size must have a great variety of social, economic and engineering questions that need instant solutions.
3. The combination of precast panels, precast prestressed slabs and post-tensioned beams provided an economical solution for the gymnasium in Guam, the Mariana Islands.
6. - finish
1. Erection of the first truss started in September 1974 and the last one was finished 4O weeks later.
2. This bridge uses an exposed aggregate finish to blend with its surroundings.
3. In the last eight years the difficulties in obtaining an acceptable finish have increased.
7. - flat
1. A lorry brings a complete flat to the prepared foundations of a building.
2. Prefabricated rooms and flats can be assembled into houses.
3. All flat roofs have become wet as a result of rain.
8. - project
1. The first 12 projects were considered by government a few months back.
2. The 12,5 million dollars project for a new 850 bed hospital will commence this year.
3. The Kama Motor factory is the largest project of the kind in Soviet Russia.
9. - rest
1. Our working people have the right to rest, to work and to study.
2. Except for the first truss, the chairs rested on the top chord of the truss below.
3. The curved roof is composed of frames each resting on two columns placed 44ft apart.
10. - panel
1. The large panel building consists basically of precast wall panels with floors and roofs of precast elements or slabs that are usually hollow and prestressed.
2. Builders sometimes panel the inside walls of buildings with plastic-coated sheet steel.
II. Найдите в словаре нужные значения выделенных слов и переведите предложения на русский язык
1. А11 the main buildings were finished within the 1000 days.
2. Such materials as plastics are widely used as finishing materials.
3. Since all structural elements provide final finish as well, materials were carefully chosen to provide a warm light brown colour in the concrete.
4. All parts would be cast in the shop with carefully controlled finishes on all exposed faces.
5. All columns were clad with precast facing to match the finish on the trusses.
6. On the roof, which do not face south and on the entry-way roof, a tile surface is used.
7. The floors of the principal spaces are covered with marble, and the auxiliary spaces with concrete slabs.
8. The building has a striking architectural appearance, with the structure clearly expressed.
9. The essential difference between a cast-in-place concrete structure and а present large panel structure is the nature of connections between elements.
10. In planning the bridges considerable attention was paid to their appearance.
11. After completion of erection of the panels the structure was post-tensioned.
12. An architectural appearance in harmony with neighboring buildings was desired.
13. Prefabricated truss segments which were post-tensioned together on site helped provide an efficient architectural solution to a building that had to satisfy several design requirements.
14. To determine the optimum mix proportions, ten different solutions were prepared with weight percent varying from 0.25 to 5.00.
15. Prefabrication is a new and speedy method of construction.
16. Engineers strive to cut construction cost while maintaining complete. structural integrity.
17. Ground-supported slabs were adopted for the foundation of residential and light commercial construction.
18. The metal caps were 22in. in diameter and the spасе between the cap and the pile was filled with an expanding grout.
19. Two of the piles were fitted with metal caps to facilitate the fixing of the vibrating equipment.
20. It was considered that to vibrate the cap at less than these amplitudes could be misleading as soil behaviour is not generally linear.
21. One precast reinforced concrete pile 18in. square was driven 70ft. to the sandstone.
22. Preliminary design work showed that for both the main sections it should be economical to use different sizes of piles for the different areas and buildings of the works.
23. A new cement works is to be built at Aleppo, which, is to begin production in 1984.
24. In 1950 there was only one plant in the United States producing prestressed products for buildings and bridges.
25. Every spring he plants different kinds of flowers.
26. She has a collection of exotic grants in the garden.
III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова
1. Onе of the first decisions the precast face was the design of the long-line casting, beds.
2. The development of science and technology has been of great help in mechanizing and speeding up construction.
3. The slab had to be capable of supporting loads of 4 tons at any part of the floor.
4. The new animal house is a two-storey building having a total floor area of about 5.800 sq. ft.
5. By using the chosen structural floor plan, all floor slabs span between the exterior trusses and the inner service core which is enclosed in a concrete box.
6. The use of segments precast in the factory allowed excellent control of the shape and colour of the finished members.
7. Special attention should be given to proper reinforcement of bearings.
8. This part of the outer face of the wall covered by the glazing is painted a dark colour to improve heat absorption.
9. The surface of the joints should be even and smooth.
10. Special precautions may be required to avoid settlement.
11. Settlement of the segments during their assemble must be prevented.
12. The 496 precast elements in the project were erected in 52 working days.
13. The dwelling has an area of 146 sq. m. including the patio.
14. After the war the need to build dwellings was ever greater in Western Germany than in other European Countries.
15. Concrete at the top of segments may be of lower quality and has to be finished properly.
16. A total 44 trusses, each 75 ft. 7 in. long by 16 ft. 8 in. wide frame the building from the sixth floor up.
17. Grouting was done some time later after the floors had been completed.
18. Economy was achieved because the precast prestressed trusses not only supported the floor loads but also gave the structure an attractive architectural finish.
19. The truss proved sound and no faulting appeared.
20. One of the central vertical 1 segments was first placed on its chair and fastened to the vertical brace. (подкос).
21. Pacing materials are made to perform a decorative function.
22. The building is heated and cooled entirely by this system.
23. The intention is to assemble all the papers into one volume.
24. Most of our large buildings have been built using structural steel or cast-in-place concrete.
25. The test procedure was not designed to measure the ultimate deflection under any load.
26. It may be essential to increase cover of steel use coatings such as epoxy on reinforcement, or provide other protection.
27. Bearing areas may be subjected to large concentrated forces.
SECTION 3.
PASSIVE VOICE
Страдательный залог в английском языке образуется из вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем лице, числе и времени и причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II).
The experiment was carried out by a group of scientists.
Эксперимент проводился группой ученных.
Если в предложении сказуемое в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее пассивно, т. е. не само производит действие, а подвергается действию со стороны другого лица или предмета. Причем действующее лицо или орудие действия вводятся дополнением с предлогами by и with.
The five-storey block of flats was completed by assembly workers ahead of schedule.
Пятиэтажный дом был завершен монтажниками раньше графика.
The walls of the flats are covered with the wall-paper.
Стены квартиры оклеены обоями.
Следует отметить, что действующее лицо или орудие действия чаще всего отсутствуют.
Finishings to the panels are applied at the plant.
Панели отделываются на заводе.
Предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге переводятся на русский язык:
1. Сочетание глагола «быть» и краткой формой причастия страдательного залога:
The structure will be assembled of prefab units.
Здание будет смонтировано из сборных элементов.
2. Глаголами, оканчивающимися на - ся, - сь со страдательным значением;
The units were made at a housebuilding plant.
Элементы изготовлялись на домостроительном комбинате.
3. Неопределенно-личным оборотом с глаголом в действительном залоге в 3 лице множественного числа:
The units were delivered to the site on trailers.
Элементы подвозили на участок на трайлерах.
В некоторых случаях английская пассивная конструкция может иметь два или три варианта перевода в зависимости от русского глагола и контекста, например:
Modem houses are built of concrete and glass.
а) Современные дома построены из бетона и стекла.
б) Современные дома строятся из бетона и стекла.
в) Современные дома строят из бетона и стекла.
Особенности перевода некоторых типов глаголов в страдательном залоге
Страдательный залог употребляется в английском языке значительно чаще, чем в русском. Это объясняется тем, что в английском языке в страдательном залоге могут употребляться все глаголы, выражающие действия, направленные на какой-либо объект, тогда как в русском языке соответствующие им пассивные конструкции невозможны, например:
The students were given magazine articles for translation.
The scientists were offered an interesting research.
We were told the news yesterday.
В строительной технической литературе такие пассивные конструкции наиболее часто встречаются с глаголами типа: to give, to offer, to show, to tell, to allow, to promise и др.
Предложения с глаголом-сказуемым данного типа переводятся на русский язык:
1. При отсутствии дополнения с предлогом by неопределенно-личным предложением. Подлежащие английского предложения переводятся существительным или местоимением в дательном или винительном падеже.
The architect was shown some drawbacks in his project.
Архитектору указали на некоторые недостатки в его проекте.
The architect was asked to make plans for the new town centre.
Архитектора просили спроектировать новый центр города.
2. При наличии дополнения с предлогом by предложением с глаголом-сказуемым в действительном залоге. Дополнение с предлогом by становится подлежащим русского предложения, а подлежащее английского предложения переводится существительным или местоимением в дательном или винительном падеже.
Individual homes in the forms of single-storeyed houses are still often preferred by many inhabitants of London and New York.
Многие жители Лондона и Нью-Йорка часто предпочитают индивидуальные жилища типа одноэтажных домиков.
Кроме того, в английском языке в страдательном залоге часто встречаются глаголы с отделяемым предлогом (т. е. предлогом без последующих слов, к нему относящихся) типа to act on (upon) действовать, влиять, to refer to – ссылаться, to send for – послать за …., to speak about (of) – говорить о …. и др., а также глагольные фразеологические сочетания типа: to make use of – использовать, to take care of – позаботиться, to pay attention to – обращать внимание, to do away with – прекращать, отказываться и др.
Предложения с глаголом-сказуемым этого типа переводятся на русский язык либо неопределенно-личным предложением (при отсутствии дополнения с предлогом by), либо предложением в действительном залоге при наличии дополнения с предлогом by. Соответствующий русский предлог при переводе ставится в начале предложения, а подлежащие английского предложения переводятся предложным дополнением:
The problems of joints is often referred to in this magazine.
На проблему стыков часто ссылаются в этом журнале.
The problems of joints was often referred to by the author of the article.
На проблему стыков часто ссылается автор статьи.
Local climatic conditions and traditions of the people in various republic are paid special attention to in designing standard town plans.
На местные климатические условия и народные традиции различных республик обращается особое внимание при составлении типовых проектов городов.
В английской строительной литературе часто встречаются в страдательном залоге переходные глаголы, соответствующие русским переходным глаголам, употребляющимся с предлогом, типа to affect – оказывать влияние на, действовать на, to answer – отвечать на, to follow – следовать за, to influence – влиять на и др.
Предложения с глаголом-сказуемым этого типа переводятся на русский язык либо неопределенно-личным предложением, либо предложением в действительном залоге, причем перед словом, являющимся в английском предложении подлежащим, ставится предлог русского глагола.
The construction of the foundation was followed by the erection of walls.
За строительством фундамента последовало возведение стен.
By this method the speed of construction is unaffected by weather conditions.
При этом методе климатические условия не влияют на темп строительства.
The question was answered gladly.
На вопрос ответили охотно.
Модальные глаголы с Infinitive Passive лучше переводить неопределенно-личными предложениями типа: можно, нужно, следует.
The apartment should be planned so that cross ventilation can be had by opening the door.
Следует планировать квартиры так, чтобы можно было добиться сквозной вентиляции, открыв дверь.
Задание 3.1.
Переведите предложение, обращая внимание на возможные варианты перевода сказуемого.
1. Modern homes are made of many materials: wood, brick, stone, plywood, concrete and even plastics.
2. Multi-storey houses are provided with many accommodations such as bathroom, central heating, plumbing, electricity etc.
3. The window panes are fastened in with the help of glaziers putty.
4. The largest office block of reinforced concrete is being erected in London.
5. The new reinforced concrete bridge has been constructed over the river.
6. Television is now often used for traffic control.
7. The school which will be built next year was designed by a young architect.
8. The structure is being erected of prefab ferroconcrete units.
9. A prestressed roof is formed from V-shaped units.
10. All operations on the construction site are minimized, and the bulk of the work is done at the plant.
11. A new building of the Palace was erected of precast concrete members without using conventional building materials.
12. Concrete wearing surfaces are often treated with silicate of soda.
13. The design is based on the classification of the soils in the subgrade by subjecting them to a series of tests.
14. The required lengths of piles are usually ascertained by driving test piles.
15. Derrick cranes are usually obtained for working loads of 5 tons and above.
16. Deformed bars are used to increase the bond resistance.
17. Bituminous concrete and sheet asphalt must be supported by adequate bases.
18. Ductile materials are those which can be permanently drawn out without rupture.
19. An electrically driven crane may be powered by one or two motors.
20. The building was constructed mainly of brickwork which was painted white.
21. In industrial buildings radiators built of pipe are occasionally used and are satisfactory.
22. All the elevated spans are supported by rigid reinforced concrete bants.
23. If artificial cooling is used, it is supplied by the fan system.
24. Crosswall construction with timber panels has been successfully used and a pleasing elevation treatment obtained.
25. The fully automatic passenger lifts are collectively controlled and can be operated either by passenger or attendant.
26. Equipment, piping and ducts are hidden yet left accessible for maintenance when required.
27. Well-point dewatering was extensively used in the construction of the foundations.
28. A concrete deck slab will be connected to the cross girders by shear keуs and will form an integral part of the bridge structure.
29. When the towers and ancillary work are completed, decking of the roadway will be commenced together with the installation of the bridge machinery.
30. Work was commenced by assembling the trusses on the ground in a horizontal position, they were then lifted up and shored in position.
31. The panels are held together by means of a steel strip which is recessed into the edges of the panels and held in place by two bolts.
32. For interior room doors either of panelled or flush types can be used.
33. In some cases special sliding metal windows are made, and these can be made to any required size.
34. Paving grade asphalts are derived from many different crude oil sources and by various methods of production.
35. Crossings over swamps or over very soft soils present special problems and the method of dealing with them is usually dictated by the materials available in the locality.
36. Batts or pads of fibrous insulating material are made of such a size that they can be handled readily and will fit into standard stud spaces.
37. If the water and sand are left for some time indisturbed in the barrel, much of the lоam will be deposited on the surface of the sand and the sand will need re-washing.
38. Cableways are used for distributing skips of concrete over dams and viaducts, but are only suitable for such major works.
39. The bituminous concretes are widely used for both city pavements and primary rural roads.
40. The raw materials are thoroughly mixed and rolled on hot rolls to obtain homogenity and to achieve the required flow properties.
41. The flooring slabs are lifted up by means of steel reinforcement loops emerging from the top surfaces, which are then knocked back and are either hidden in the floor screed or covered ovеr by timber floor used.
Задание 3.2
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The local engineers were asked to build a reinforced concrete structure.
2. The students are permitted to make different experiments at the laboratory.
3. When the students have their practical work, they are given many experiments to make and different problems to solve.
4. The architects were asked to reconstruct the town centre.
5. The state but not the composition of material is affected by the process of heating or cooling.
6. The participants of the conference were shown modern mechanical handling equipment.
7. The positive particle in the nucleous was given the name of the "proton".
8. We were shown a number of experiments illustrating the strength of concrete in various structures.
9. The road embankment will later be given a surface foundation of two layers of dry broken stone.
10. The modern scientific forecasts of weather can be fully relled upon.
11. The engineer was gives the task of reducing the weight of floors consisting of prefab slabs.
12. Lead is very slightly acted upon by oxygen of the air.
13. We were informed that prefab units used in the construction of a modern block of flats had been produced at the factory.
14. Timber is looked upon as the most widely used building material.
15. Plastics are much experimented upon in the laboratories of the research institute.
16. We are told by archaeologist that things made of wood were used over 3.500 years ago.
17. In all the types of houses the layout is affected by modern ideas of comfort and efficiency.
18. You will be informed as soon as the drawings are recleved.
19. This question is referred to in many articles.
20. The project was approved but the engineer was shown some drawbacks that could easily be corrected.
21. Certain special steps were taken to reduce construction costs.
22.The British engineers were told that the separate elements of the building bad been manufactured at different ferroconcrete factories.
23. They were shown the plant being modified to start mass production of new houses.
24. When iron, zinc, nickel and many other metal are allowed to cool, theу solidify in crystalline form.
25. The designers were shown the uniform area consisting of clay starting about 12 ft below the surface.
26. If a gas at any pressure is permitted to expand its temperature fal1s.
27. Subsoil drains are usually allowed to outfall into open ditches.
28. Cast-iron radiators are usually given a hydraulic pressure test at the factory of about 100 lb per sq in.
29. The first researches to the study of the strength of timber were followed by further research work.
30. The problem of joints was given much attention to and mach spoken of by the representatives of designing offices.
31. Timber was referred to as the best structural material by the Creeks and Romans who applied it for construction purposes and whose engineering skill is often spoken about in special literature.
32. Professional building workers are helped by the students who wonted throughout the summer putting up walls and operating building machines.
33. The foundation trench is first made and this is followed by the actual building of foundation walls.
34. When a body is acted upon by an external force system, the molecules are displaced or rearranged until the external and internal force systems are brought into a state of equilibrium.
35. The load-carrying capacity of short and long columns are affected by imperfections in the material and loading conditions.
pressive strength of concrete is judged by crushing cubes, but such tests can give misleading results if the cubes are carefully made.
37. Great progress has been made in the USSR in the past few years in developing techniques of housebuilding from factory-made elements which are now produced by a large number of plants specializing in the fabrication of reinforced concrete elements.
38. The Soviet Union has taken the lead in the field of industrial housebuilding. This can best be judged from the fact that at present some 300 house-building plants are operating in the USSR and their number is steadily growing.
39. The masons were given the Job of building nurseries, schools, dwellings, clubs, libraries and a university.
40. A layer of expanded polystyrene is followed by several layers of water repellent roofing material.
41. Care is taken to obtain a sufficient amount of light in buildings where men are at work.
42. The conditions of temperature, corrosion, etc. are taken into account in the design of such constructions as gas and steam turbines for ships, rockets and various equipment for atomic power stations.
43. Suitable engineering materials are made use of most economically.
44. The questions of heat, light, ventilation, foundation for machinery, first cost and cost of maintenance are given special attention to in designing different classes of structures.
45. Different kinds of automatic controllers were dealt with in some detail in the article.
46.The new fully automated plant designed by Soviet engineers was highly spoken about at the exibition.
47. This method was done away with.
48. Young architects are allowed complete freedom in choosing various materials in designing.
49. Through traffic on the greater New Orleans Expressway was given a straight through passage by means of an overpass.
SECTION 4
PARTICIPLES
Причастие - это неличная форма глагола, обладающая признаками прилагательного и глагола. В английском языке различают следующие виды причастий:
Participle 1 - Present Participle
Participle II - Past Participle
Perfect Participle
Формы причастий
Active | Passive | |
Participle I | building | being built |
erecting | being erected | |
Participle II | built | |
erected | ||
Perfect Participle | having built | having been built built |
having erected | having been erected |
Participle I Active образуется добавлением суффикса - ing к основе глагола, например:
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