to build – building
to erect – erecting
to sit - sitting
to form – forming
Participle I выполняет в предложении функцию определения и обстоятельства.
Participle I Active в функции определения занимает место либо перед определяемым словом, либо после определяемого слова. В последнем случае за Participle 1 обычно следуют поясняющие слова, образуя вместе с ним определительный причастный оборот. Например:
The flooring slabs are lifted up by means of steel reinforcement loops emerging from the top surface.
Плиты перекрытия поднимаются с помощью арматурных петель, выступающих с верхней поверхности плиты.
The emerging loops are knocked back and hidden in the floor screed.
Выступающие петли забиваются в плиту и маскируются в перекрытии.
Participle I Active в функции определения при переводе на pyccкий язык соответствует русскому причастию настоящего времени, оканчивавшемуся на - ущий, - ющий, - ащий, -ящий. Например:
New regional organization divided Czechoslovakia into 10 regions comprising; 108 districts.
Согласно новой организации Чехословакию разделили на 10 областей, включающих 108 районов.
Participle I Active в функции обстоятельства (времени, причины, образа действия, сопутствующего обстоятельства) в предложении занимает место либо перед подлежащим, либо следует за глаголом-сказуемым.
Например:
The tenants of new houses may change the size of rooms by means of movable partitions adjusting them to the needs of the family.
Жители новых домов могут изменить размер комнат с помощью подвижных перегородок, приспосабливая их к нуждам семьи.
Every unit of the apartment building is precast, including foundations, wall, floors, roofs, and stairways.
Каждый элемент жилого дома предварительно изготовлен, включая фундаменты, стены, перекрытия, крыши, лестничные клетки.
Speaking of the walls of modern buildings one should notice that bricklaying is giving way to the assembly of prefabricated parts.
Говоря о стенах современных аданий, нужно отметить, что кирпичная кладка уступает место сборным конструкциям из предварительно-изготовленных частей.
Participle I Active в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык деепричастием, оканчивающимся на "ая","яя","уя","юя". Если Participle I выполняет функцию обстоятельства времени, оно может иметь перед собой союзы when (когда) , while (в то время, как,) if (если) и переводится на русский язык либо придаточным предложением, начинаются союзами "когда","в то время, как", либо одним деепричастием.
Например:
When considering alternative methods of construction and when compiling construction programmes, the fastest method is usually adopted.
Обсуждая возможные строительные методы и составляя программы строительства, обычно принимают наиболее скоростной метод.
Или:
Когда обсуждают возможные строительные методы и составляют программы строительства, обычно принимается наиболее скоростной метод.
Participle I Passive образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме being и Participle II смыслового глагола. Например:
to form - being formed
to write - being written
Participle I Passive в функции определения занимает место после определяемого существительного и переводится на русский яаык причастием, оканчивающимся на - ый и - щийся. Например:
The specialized equipment now being used in the construction of dams will be transported to other sites.
Специальное оборудование, используемое сейчас при строительстве плотин, будет перевезено на другие строительные площадки.
The new Institute building being erected in Zelenaya street will house laboratories and lecture nails.
В новом здании института, строящемся на Зеленой улице, будут помещаться лаборатории и аудитории.
Participle I Passive в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский яаык обстоятельственным придаточным предложением:
Being widely distributed, stone is available as a building material.
Так как камень широко распространен, он является доступным стройматериалом.
Задание 4.1
Найдите Participle I и определите функцию. Переведите предложения на русский яаык.
1. There is a growing demand in dwellings in our town.
2. Moscow is a big growing city with high buildings, treelined streets and green parks, a city that becomes more beautiful from day to day.
3. Last year the Russians began apartment construction in which complete flats, including kitchen, bath andseveral roome are precast.
4. Professional building workers were helped by the students who worked throughout the summer putting up wallsand operating building machines.
5. The students were shown the uniform area consisting of clay starting about 12 ft. below the surface.
6. Plastics are among the most important materials resulting from scientific discoveries of the last hundred.
7. The front wall is made of organic glass letting through ultraviolet rays.
8. The word "prefabrication" is a misleading term.
9. This is a method offering speedy construction.
10. Blocks comprising kitchen, bathroom and water closet - all completely fitted - are now in production in Czechoslovakia.
11. The most common types of residential buildings in Czechoslovakia are 3-5 storey blocks with central staircases leading to the three flats per floor.
12. Yellow bricks, white concrete units and aluminium are the three main materials characterising the outside of the buildings of the new plant. The corridors connecting
the buildings are built with special ultra-violet light absorbent glass.
13. The architect sees his building as a three-dementional object standing in space.
14. The shopping gallery of the airport in Orly has a height corresponding to two storeys.
15. Georgraphically, London is near the centre of ttye rapidly growing belt of industry stretching from Manchester to Northen France and the Ruhr.
16. There are over a hundred British standard specifications relating to building products.
17. The building for the Chemistry and Physics Department is a two-storey structure with an adjoining entrance and staircase hall at the northern end.
18. The main building is extended to the east and west by two piers serving the airport traffic areas.
19. A block of flats being built of seven storeys is above basement level with two flats on each floor.
20. When using concrete the structural engineer requires a material as adaptable as fresh concrete and as reliable as steel.
21. In order to ensure that the building of the new hotel in Uganda was constructed in the most economical way, it was decided to use local materials, reducing imported materials to a minimum.
22. The Belgian road was post-compressed using screw jacks.
23. Visitors and people accompanying passengers to the airport have access to all public areas and to the terraces situated on different levels.
24. The prefabrication systems are composed of sections or panels that are not only self-supporting, but also load-bearing.
25. The system can be either simple or complex, depending upon existing conditions.
26. Concrete wearing surfaces are often treated with silicate of soda.
27. The roof of the block consists of prefabricated concrete slabs resting on beams which are supported in turn on reinforced concrete columns.
28. Sand rock has various colours depending upon the presence of minute quantities of iron and other mineral matter in it.
29. A project also includes a separate 14-storey 194 ft. high office block with three levels of basement, of reinforced concrete construction providing some 176.000 sg. ft. of floor space.
30. Long-term tests up to 20 years or more, being carried out in Italy showed interesting results.
31. The construction of the deck comprises twin transverse beams supporting interlocking longitudinal units.
32. The building has been described as "a classic example of brick being expressed in large areas in an architectural way as a finishing material".
33. The hall being a symmetrically placed entrance hall is in the Renaissance manner of planning.
34. Depth of the structure is 900 mm overall, including the deck covering units.
35. Enterprises involving a fire hazard should be moved outside Moscow.
36. Technically, Mondial Houses will be constructed using a heavy in-situ reinforced concrete frame, resting largely on a 10 ft.-thick concrete raft.
37. A seven-lane highway will carry traffic enterring the city in the morning and traffic leaving the city in the evening.
38. Projecting above the roof of the factory is the water tower, housing a 70,000 gal. tank.
Задание 4.2
Соедините два предложения, используя Participle I согласно образцу:
Образец:
The corridor connects the changing rooms.
It has separate access for use during outdoor activities.
The corridor connecting the changing rooms has separate access for use during outdoor activities.
1. The panels arrive on site complete with doors and preglazed windows as necessary.
These panels form the curtain walling.
2. Between the two blocks a conference hall to seat 1000 is under construction.
It has arched floor and accustic control.
3. The exterior walls are set back 10 feet from the edge of the roof.
These walls form an arcade around the entire building.
4. The architect talked about the design of the new sporting centre.
The architect said that he was proud of the recreational features included in the plans.
5. Below the floor there is a basement.
It contains several reinforced concrete tanks and other equipment.
6. Reinforced concrete slabs have been extensively used with this method of construction.
These slabs offer considerable increase in strength against lifting stresses.
7. The World Trade Centre has recently reached first stage completion.
The centre includes the world's tallest building.
8. The panels are made in a highly automated factory.
The factory uses a moving belt system.
9. There are two housebuilding plants in Moscow.
They produce floor and wall slabs for multistorey buildings.
Participle II
Participle II (Past Participle) является неличной формой глагола. Образуется прибавлением суффикса - ed к основе правильного глагола:
to construct – constructed
to receive - received
Participle II неправильных глаголов имеет особую форму:
to build – built
to give – given
to do – done
to make – made
to write - written
Participle II выполняет в предложении две функции - определения и обстоятельства.
Participle II как определение
Participle II в функции определения переводится на русcкий язык причастием с окончаниями "тый", "мый", "нный".
the book taken from the library - книга, взятая из библиотеки
the text translated at the lesson - текст, переводимый на занятии
the lecture delivered by professor N. - лекция, прочитанная профессором Н.
Причастие без пояснительных слов, как и в русском языке, обычно стоит перед определяемым существительным.
Например:
She erected block of 60 flats was assembled of two-room size elements.
Возведенный шестидесятиквартирный дом монтировался из элементов размером на две комнаты.
В строительно-технической литературе причастие без пояснительных: слов часто стоит после определяемого существительного. Так как это не характерно для русского языка, при переводе на русский язык такое причастие следует ставить перед определяемым существительным. Например:
Thе erection rate will vary considerably depending on the many factors involved, such as access, height of lifts, etc.
Темп строительства будет значительно варьироваться, в зависимости от многих обусловливаемых факторов, таких как вход, высота лифтов и т. д.
In the United States the vertical columns used are mainly steel.
В Соединенных Штатах используемые вертикальные колонны изготовлены главным обрывом из стали.
Причастие с пояснительными словами стоит только после определяемого слова. Например:
Elements made of concrete were transported to the site»
Элементы, изготовленные из бетона, были перевезены на строительную площадку.
It is an experimental house made completely of glass aad plastics.
Это экспериментальный дом, построенный полностью из стекла и пластмассы.
Participle II как обстоятельство
Причастие II, стоящее перед главными членами или в конце предложения, выполняет функцию обстоятельства. В этом случае оно, как правило; имеет при себе союзы when (когда), while (когда, хотя), though (хотя ), unless (если... не ), оncе (когда, если).
Participle II в этой функции может переводиться:
а) придаточным обстоятельственным предложением
When completed the plant will produce 1.4 million tons of steel a year.
Когда завод будет построен, он будет производить 1,4 мил. тонн стали в год.
б) предложным оборотом "при + существительное".
When built of new building materials the houses will be of higher quality.
При использовании новых строительных материалов дома будут иметь более высокое качество.
в) деепричастием
Designed by young architects the house of culture provides recreation place for population in this part of the town.
Будучи спроектирован молодым архитектором, дом культуры является местом отдыха для населения в этой части города.
Задание 4.3
Прочитайте и переведите предложения на русский язык. Найдите Participle II и определите функцию.
1. A block of flats was the first experimental building constructed.
2. Construction of the school is based оn a prefabricated metal frame, doors, windows and sanitary services provided by the government.
3. The instrument used by the bricklayer is called a trowel.
4. The chief instruments used by the plasterer are the trowel and the float.
5. The concrete slabs were lifted to the desired height.
6. The space involved in thie part of Bloomsbury Square is approximately 36.500 sq. ft.
7. Polish design is represented by sections devoted to lighting, ceramics, glass and fabrics.
8. A new company Wen-Plast Ltd. based in Ireland is now manufacturing a complete range of doors from glass fibre polyester.
9. The only imported materials used in the construction of Uganda hotel are the metal windows and lighting fittings.
10. On the first floor of the new airport in Orly is a press reporters' office equipped for wireless and television interviews.
11. The facing materials employed for the internal walls of the airport are marble, stainless steel, aluminium and specially processed timber.
12. Situated in thе rapidly developing industrial area about 10 miles from Madrid, the new plant occupies close on 60000 sq. ft. of a 40 acre site.
13. The building assembled by hydraulic jacks was designed by Smirnov.
14. Complete precast kitchens and baths with all service lines cast in place are delivered to building sites.
15. All glass used in building the station has been produced in St. Helens by Pilkington Bros.
16. The school building is steel framed with its members spaced at 10 ft. Intervals: structural floors are in concrete.
17. The main principles established for the 5-storey blocks were maintained in developing the plan form of the high-rize blocks.
18. The new Conventional Palace recently erected in the Hague ( Holland) contains a main hall, a north-westwing and a tower block.
19. This housing scheme consists of 171 dwellings contained in twenty-one 5-storey blocks and two 23-storey blocks.
20. The blocks are linked at third floor level by bridges supported independently and constructed from standardised precast concrete elements.
21. The design adopted consisted of a reinforced concrete channel 10 ft. 6 in. wide and 7 ft. 6 in. deep.
22. Compared with a multi-storey building a single-storey structure is cheaper and easier to build allows more freedom for the future growth of department and reduces the time absorbed in traffic movements within the building.
23. The method of sanitation used has a significant eflfect on housing densities.
24. The designer believed that many useful lessons learned in new town planning could well be applied in rebuilding old towns and cities in the United Kingdom.
25. The house in California is a steel-framed building with the exposed steel members painted blue.
26. Officially opened on February 24 by the President of the Republic surrounded by several ministers and other eminent people the new Orly airport is a vast monument of glass and steel and the latest modern architectural techniques.
27. Experience gained during the construction showed several improvements as compared with traditional precast concrete form of construction.
28. We are told by archaeologists that things made of wood were used over 3500 years ago.
29. Specially designed for blocks of high flats the Bison system has been developed by Concrete Ltd.
30. The first slab to be constructed is the ground floor which is usually placed on the levelled or lifted ground.
31. The frame consists of a light steel sections welded together to form lattice beams and stanchions.
32. Complete sections are conveyed on special trailers to the site already prepared to receive them.
33. Large panels made from concrete are not easy to transport and erect.
34. A laminated wood frame consists of posts and beams built up from narrow boards.
35. In a paper presented by Mr. Williamson (NewZealand), methods of construction of suitable hammers for driving very large piles were proposed.
36. All cement plants in the USSR are designed and built according to standards developed in the research institutes.
37. The frame and cladding of the structure are in pine covered with copper.
38. Workers on the job were generally in favour of high buildings both to work and live in. Reasons given were more light, greater cleanliness and less noise.
39. Experience clearly must relate to structures built 20,50 or more years ago and thus assessment of durability must take into account the conditions and the materials at the time of construction.
40. Work is being done on the design of a building assembled from rolled concrete parts.
41. The slabs have a roughened surface and the engineer says that danger from skidding is greatly reduced compared with conventional roads.
42. The problem of noise has been solved by some of the pneumatic and electro-welding techniques used to overcome the same problem in ordinary rail transport.
43. The towers will be constructed from precast blocks supplied from a site factory.
44. Located on a site between Elvet Hill Road and South Hoad. the new multi-storey building will accommodate about 250 students.
45. When left to stand, the heavy cement particles settle to the bottom, leaving a thick layer of water at the top.
46. Before the contract commenced, various detailed designs were considered in steel prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete.
47. Moulded in reinforced plastics, the units would be practicable if produced in sufficient quantity and could be offered in a variety of colours.
48. A building component developed with the aid of computer design has been produced by Yorkshire firm.
49. When completed the motorway will extend nearly 30 miles from Cadnam to Portsbridge.
Задание 4.4
Откройте скобки, поставьте Participle II вместо инфинитива и переведите предложения.
1. The school will accommodate 350 pupils and will have a three-storeyed classroom block (to link) by several single-storey structures.
2. Corridors and inner offices (to construct) with these partitions have walls, which are named "Walls of Daylight".
3. The technique (to use) consists of two reinforced structures of a total height of 160 ft.
4. The wall frame system (to base) on industrial methods is very popular in many countries of the world.
5. Steps (to make) of reinforced concrete are used in a form of unit construction.
6. In the beams (to test) two values of cover were used, 1in. and 2 in.
7. The new boiler house is a two-boiler structure (to erect) seven yeans ago.
8. The walls of the building are of double-thickness pine (to separate) by insulation.
9. The house (to build) with prefab parts will be five-storeyed.
10. The labour force (to require) per sq. m. pf living area is shown in. Table.
11. The roof construction (to adopt) consists of a hollow concrete slab of 6 inches thicknees, which spans between longitudinal beams (to place) at 16 ft. centres.
12. Continuous production of R. C. slabs is carried out in a mill (to design) by Kozlov.
13. This method is only applicable to small houses (to build) of timber.
14. The method of reinforcement generally (to use) is putting in a wire mesh or a system of light rods into the concrete.
15. The upper layer consists of concrete (to make) with gravel aggregate and is air-entrained; the lower layer is of limestone aggregate.
16. The upper galleries are served by the plant (to design) to maintain 67° F. and a relative humidity of 55 per cent.
17. Glass and aluminium (to use) in office buildings give them a contemporary appearance.
18. The brick is an artificial material (to make) of clay then (to burn) to harden it.
19. (To build) by Chown and Co. at a cost of L the tallest building took only 13 months to erect.
20. The block boxes are being manufactured in a factory in the Moscow area (to situate) within reasonably easy acces to the new housing estates.
Задание 4.5
Откройте скобки и поставьте Participle II или Participle I вместо инфинитива. Определите функцию причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The slabs (to measure) 24 16 2 in. thick come of the machine at a rate of 18 every 8 minutes.
2. The area (to surround) the new plant in the suburbs of Madrid has been attractively landscaped with flower gardens and trees.
3. The main structure of the new Zealand House is a reinforced concrete frame with circular columns (to place) at 27 ft. centres in both directions.
4. We were shown a number of experiments (to illustrate) the presence of high energy particles in the cosmic radiation.
5. Nowadays many new houses are built fully (to equip) with combined hot water and central heating systems.
6. Experience (to gain) during the construction showed several improvements as compared with traditional precast concrete form of construction.
7. The terrace steps are formed by long L-shaped precast units (to span) between the terrace beams.
8. The sketch shows the building in elevation, and it can be seen that it consists of a pair of loadbearing walls (to form) a central corridor, which runs the full length of the building.
9. The first experimental five-storey block of flats (to assemble) from large two-room size elements was erected in Moscow in 1960/61.
10. The flat roof of the building is formed from prefabricated panels (to support) on plywood box beams.
11. The structure consists of 6 in-thick r. c. loadbearing crosswall (to support) 6 in-thick concretefloor slabs.
12. Construction of the ring road (to start) in 1956 forms part of a nation wide road, network (to plan) to form part of an intergrated transport system.
13. The first step in the construction of a building (to use) the lift-slab method is the clearing and grading of the site area.
14. The design of motor ways is the function of the road engineers and the landscape architect (to work) in collaboration.
15. About 6 per cent of the people (to work) in central London come in private cars and on motor-cycles.
16. The school (to design) by country architect is no special prestige exhibition job.
17. The advantages of electric floor warming are that chores (to connect) with conventional heating are eliminated.
18. Equipment of flats is receiving consideration. Blocks (to comprise) kitchen, bathroom and W. C. - all completely fitted. - are now in production.
19. Area of the house should be between 25 and 35 sq. m. (to divide) into 2 or 3 rooms.
20. The cautilevered method of construction with precast concrete units was used for the deck which consists of a single tubular girder (to have) a varying depth.
21. Longitudinal joints (to connect) the columns and floors are spaced 1.50 m apart (to support) on the crossbeams and cantilevers.
22. Various methods of transporting concrete from the mixer to the shuttering are in use to suit different conditions (to meet) with in practice.
23. All the ancillary rooms (to serve) the main public spaces and other rooms where privacy is required have been placed around the perimeter of the main building.
24. External walls of the new school in Cardiff are 14-in cavity brick with bright curtain walling (to use) for the main facade.
25. In industrial buildings radiators (to build) of pipe are occasionally used and are satisfactory.
26. Radiators are now made according to the same design whether (to use) for steam or for water.
27. Boilers (to make) of steel and (to assemble) by means of fusion welding are quite common.
28. The air fitter is a piece of equipment (to design) to perform a function which on the surface appears to be a simple task.
29. Details of the aggregates (to use) are given in Table.
30. The architect divided the city into "neighbourhood units" (to comprise) four "super blocks" each.
31. The roof construction consists almost entirely of lattice girders at 20 ft. centres (to cover) three bays.
32. The project when (to complete) in 1978, will comprise six buildings (to include) two plaza buildings to house exhibits.
33. The plain shutter (to illustrate) is constructed from 3/3 in. Fir Plywood on 5 in. x2 in. softwood framing.
34. Roofs (to finish) in tiles or slates may suffer damage from frost action.
35. All the materials (to reguire) were taken to the tunnel by hand and all mixing was carried out manually.
Perfect Participle (Active u Passive)
К сложным формам относятся Perfect Participle Active и Passive. Perfect Participle Active образуется из причастия настоящего времени глагола to have и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.
having constructed
having built
having written
having asked
Perfect Participle Passive образуется иа вспомогательного глагола to bе в форме Perfect Participle (having been) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.
having been erected
having been transported
having been modernized
Perfect Participle Active и Passive выполняют функцию обстоятельства и выражают действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. Perfect Participle Active соответствует русскому деепричастию совершенного вида оканчивающемуся на "в" и "я".
Having constructed this building assembly workers went to another site.
Построив это здание, монтажники перешли на другую строительную площадку.
Having used the new method the builders increased the productivity of the plant.
Использовав новый метод, строители повысили производительность завода.
Perfect Participle Passive в функциях обстоятельства времени и причины переводится соответствующим придаточным предложением.
Having been prefabricated at the factory the panels were delivered to the site ready for assembly.
Когда панели изготовили на заводе, они были доставлены на стройплощадку для сборки.
Задание 4.6
1. Прочитайте и переведите предложения на русский язык;
1. Having limited the overall area to 1400 sq. ft and fixed the main living area at about 450 ft the architect had to reduce the size of bedrooms.
2. Having never lived in a modern house, even for a short stay he was greatly surprised with its conveniences.
3. The 20 main supporting columns have been spaced at 45 ft centres in both directions having formed a pattern of five rows of four columns.
4. Having been extended above ground level, the foundation beam was cast with 1 1/2 in. aggregate.
5. Having set up all the jacke the builders began lifting operations.
6. Having cleared and graded the site area the builders prepared the foundations to support the steel columns.
7. Having placed in position all service pipes and ducts they pored concrete into the forms.
8. Having been hardened, the ground floor slab was treated with a separating medium to prevent its adhering to the upper slab.
9. Having been pored into position, all the concrete is cured before the slabs are lifted.
10. Having used this technique, a concrete contractor could achieve a decorative architectural finish on virtually any cast-in-place wall, column, or beam.
11. Having used steel reinforcement they considerably increased the weight of the structure.
12. Having been connected, the corridor had direct separate access for use during outdoor activities.
13. Having settled on the type of construction we must fix the spacing of columns.
14. The aluminium window industry, having made considerable penetration into all other types of construction, is now preparins to meet the requirements of both local authority and private sector housing developments.
THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION
Независимый причастный оборот
Независимый причастный оборот состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и Раrticiple I. Этот оборот выполняет функцию обстоятельства и может стоять перед главными членами или в конце предложения. Независимый причастный оборот всегда отделяется запятой oт остальной части предложения,
Перевод независимого причастного оборота зависит от занимаемого им места в предложении.
Если оборот стоит перед главным предложением, он переводится придаточным обстоятельственным предложением времени, причины, условия, вводимым союзами "так как", "когда", "после того, как", "если" и т. д.
Если независимый причастный оборот стоит после главного предложения, он переводится либо сочинительным предложением с союзами "причем", "и", "а", либо самостоятельным предложением.
Значение независимого причастного оборота определяется контекстом. Чаще всего такой оборот выражает:
а) время, соответствуя придаточному предложению времени;
The concrete having set, the units are lifted by cranes.
Когда бетон затвердеет, элементы поднимают кранами.
6) причину, соответствуя придаточному предложению причины:
Great attention being paid to the large-panel construction in our country, many bouse building plants were built for producing panels.
Так как в нашей стране уделяют большое внимание крупно-панельному строительству, для изготовления панелей было построено много домостроительных комбинатов.
в) сопутствующие обстоятельства, соответствуя самостоятельному предложению. Такие обороты всегда стоят в конце предложения:
Reinforced concrete slabs are produced at the factory the concrete being placed, automatically in the formwork.
Железобетонные плиты делают на заводе, причем бетон укладывается в форму автоматически.
То have comparable results the concrete should be placed in the moulds in three layers, each layer rammed into place.
Чтобы иметь результаты для сравнения, бетон должен быть уложен в формы в три слоя, причем каждый слой утрамбовывается.
В научно-технической литературе иногда встречается независимый причастный оборот, вводимый с помощью предлога "with". В предложении такой оборот может находиться как перед, так и после главных членов предложения.
Правило перевода остается таким же, как и с беспредложными конструкциями. Оборот с предлогам "with" равнозначен независимому причастному обороту, выражающему сопутствующее обстоятельство или причину.
The main building of the Palace is of reinforced concrete construction, with girders having spans up to 20m.
Главное здание дворца представляет собой железобетонную конструкцию, причем прогоны имеют пролеты до 20 м.
Задание 4.7
1. Выделите Absolute Participle Construction и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The factory comprises two production halls, the bays of the halls being 4-5 ft in span.
2. With the increasing use of machines, all kinds of building materials both old and new are being more and more mass - produced to standard sizes.
3. The basic design unit is either a two-room block or a kitchen plus-staircase-element block, each block being a completely finished product, ready for transportation and subsequent handling by a crane on the building site.
4. The structure is of concrete slabs, cross walls and columns cast in situ, the only precast sections being nonstructural.
5. The sides of the columns are slotted to take precast concrete wall slabs, the space behind the slabs being filled by mass concrete.
6. The outer edge of the unit is of full floor depth and will normally be 10 ½ in or 12 ½ in depending upon the span, the width being sufficient to suit the particular design requirements.
7. The power station superstructure is of reinforced concrete with an external granite masonry facing, the masonry being used as shuttering to one face of the concrete.
8. According to the number of floor the process is repeated, each slab being separated by a layer of wax base material.
9. Asbestos-cement sheets are thicker than usual and have a corrugated face, the corrugations running vertically.
10. Site screening is most effective when the sand or stone is not damp, and the simplest method of small quantities is to use an inclined screen of the required mesh, the material being thrown is shovelful up to the top end of the screen and allowed to run down to the bottom.
11. It is generally best to drive one or more test piles, the number depending on the uniformity of the ground and the extent of the site.
12. Sometimes the fan system is installed for heating purposes only, ventilation not being designed.
13. The building can be brought up to t0 by the radiators, the fans being started when occupants arrive.
14. The tempered fresh air is distributed in a single duct to each room, the fuel-burning equipment being modulated to maintain constant discharge air t0.
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