15. Water vapor is an important consistent, its amount being quite variable under different weather conditions.
16. Usually piers are first erected, the piers being either precast or cast in situ.
17. The process is almost entirely automatic, ties being untouched by hand until they reach the stacking yard.
18. The concrete for these parts contains a water-proofing admixture, no other water proofing medium being provided.
19. A suspended ceiling completes the roof construction, the spaces between the frames and the roof and the ceiling being sealed for use as ventilation ducts.
20. An extraordinary general meeting having failed, the writer organized a referendum on the subject.
21. The basic timber panels used for the first floor construction are 7 ft 8 ½ in high, made from 4 in by 2 in nominal members, the studs being set at 18 in centres.
22. Longitudinal sizes vary, the most usual length being 17 ft 10 5/8 in, 9 ft, 6 ft and 3 ft.
23. The roof of the new building of Air Force Museum is trapezoidal in plan, the longest side being 700 ft, the parallel shortest side 300 ft wide.
24. The windows of the structure are designed in an elliptical shape, the architect believing that ellipse is more the proper structural form for openings in monolithic concrete.
25. The main building is of reinforced concrete construction, with girders having spans up to 20 m; the roof in supported on prestreesed concrete beams 16 m long.
this method no supporting framework is needed, the units being bolted to each other at the sides and to the wall at cave ends.
27. Auditorium has no circles at various levels, this being in keeping with the origional conception.
28. Floor space in the main building amounts to about 40.000 sq. ft and is divided by cross-walls into four sections, with а 12 ft wide service corridor running the full length of the east side of the building.
29. The prefab parts are manufactured at centralised locations, the commonest material used being concrete.
30. The columns being the most important element of the building, a defect in one column may be the cause of failure.
II. Соедините два предложения в одно, образуя предложение с Absolute Participle Construction, как показано в образце. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец. Five-storey blocks of 80 flats constructed in our city, have all modern accommodations. Building components for these blocks of flats are prefabricated in a factory and transported to the site for assembly. Five-storey blocks of flats constructed in our city have all modern accommodations, building components for these blocks of flats being prefabricated in a factory and transported to the site for assembly.
1. (The method of prefabricated construction designed by Soviet structural engineers increases the speed of construction. The cost of construction is reduced.
2. The heavy forces carry prefabricated units to the selected construction sites. The units are placed in position bу a 35 ton portal crane.
3. Metal windows can be built direct into the wall. Lugs are provided for the purpose.
4. Steps made of reinforced concrete are used in a form of unit construction.
5. The floor around the wind tunnel is constructed of timber on steel beams. The wholes structure is removable.
6. The house is made in two or more sections. Each section contains one or more rooms.
7. The structure is framed in reinforced concrete. The tower block is founded on a reinforced concrete raft.
8. Steel for reinforcement used for new blocks of flats was replaced by a cheaper material. The cost of construction is considerably reduced.
9. Colleges, universities, etc. are available in the San Diego area. The nearest of these is some 15 miles from the development.
10. Precast concrete lintels are used in the case of brick walls, which are reinforced with steel rodes. The diameter of the rods depends upon the span used.
11. The party walls consists of twin 3 in concrete block leaves enclosing a 3 in cavity.
The two leaves are connected by steel ties.
12. The foundation walls are east in situ with 1:3:3 concrete. The dimentions depend uроn ground conditions.
13. The panels are manufactured from 18 in water proof plywood. The overall thickness is approximately 20 mm.
Задание 4.8
Прочитайте и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод причастий.
1. The work described was carried out by the research department of the Sand and Gravel Association of Great Britain.
2. Materials used in the elevations are white painted timber boarding and natural concrete finish.
3. Steel is well suited to use in large plants having long spans, heavy loads and large clear heights.
4. Reinforced concrete piles are of two principal types, precast and cast in situ, the latter being usually forced by patented processes.
5. They used all the methods recommended.
6. Floors and the flat roof are made up of steel panels, 12 in wide, spanning transversely between the longitudinal beams.
7. The car park foundations rest on 202 piles, 520 mm in diameter, having a bearing capacity of 100 tons each.
8. The plant housed in the station will be driven by steam.
9. The concrete is sometimes laid in two layers, the upper containing very hard stone so as to act as a working surface to the lower.
10. The main structure of New Zealand House is a reinforced concrete frame with circular columns placed at 27 ft centres in both directions.
11. Field investigations and laboratory studies conducted by the Portland Cement Association had uncovered basic requirements for good bond between new and old concrete.
12. The commonest and best known is ordinary portland cement which is a finely-ground powder made by burning a mixture consisting principally of clay and chalk, or other materials containing silicates and aluminates of lime.
13. Concrete roof sections weighting up to 7 tons and up to 58 ft long were taken direct from the road transporters to be positioned 100 ft above ground level bу а 100 ton capacity crane, operating very close to the building.
14. All the precast elements in the blocks are being cast on site, a casting yard being set up on the access road between the two blocks.
15. Piers supporting the external precast columns are provided in the retaining wall.
16. All the exterior walls have heat insulation of sandwich formation with a layer of polysterene insulating material embedded between the two layers of concrete.
17. The materials mostly used for the covering are shingels, slate, tiles and iron.
18. The heating-cooling-ventilating plant serves not only the building of the department store itself but a heating district consisting of the surrounding four blocks.
19. The oaks growing at different levels were walled round to suit and special paths were laid for the children to reach the trees.
20. Floors of the building are precast concrete slabs topped with a layer of in-situ concrete whose reinforcement is linked with the beam reinforcement to give a monolithic structure.
21. We must put up buildings which ensure that thereis plenty of light and air, distinquished by the simplicityof their finish and painted in clear colours.
22. A prefabricated system based on 3 ft 4 in horisontal module and a 2 ft vertical module was used with high percentage of factory-made components.
23. One of the most interesting features of the new construction is the prestressed precast concrete beams supporting this section of the concourse which crosses over the main London-Brighton road, and have a span of 67 ft.
24. Heavy industry often uses steel frame, commonly combined with brick, the choise being governed by ease of alteration and of hanging or fixing equipment on the structure.
25. Heated galleries will link ten 5 storey buildings, resembling ocean liners, into a single housing complex with a trading centre, kindergarten, school and administrative institutions.
26. The cast-iron radiator is composed of several sections cast separately and assembled, the number of sections varying according to the amount of surface required.
27. The construction of prefabricated buildings is simple and does not take a lot of time.
28. The building has a framework of twin columns, which are of prefabricated reinforced concrete units and are assembled with screws.
29. Framed in concrete, reinforced with high tensile steel the building is supported on 48 concrete bored piled of 6 ft. 6 in diameter.
30. Basically each building was a concrete shell. Wooden shuttering formed the moulds and the concrete was poured in. When set this provided a collection of concrete parts which could be assembled together.
31. The main problems involved are those of under-heating in winter, overheating during summer and the amount of moisture contained in the air.
32. The comfort conditions which can be maintained when using a heat-recovery air conditioning system are no better than those with conventional air-conditioning.
33. The building is divided into two blocks linked by the entrance hall and lounge area.
34. Care was taken by the architects to select a hardwearing brick which at the same time would be an attractive appearance when used in large areas.
35. With the electrical equipment housed in the main portions of the structure requiring no windows, opportunity was taken to design a building which expresses a feeling of enormous energy confined and controlled within.
36. One of the most spectacular reconstruction project now being carried out is that of the Berlin district around Alexanderplatz.
37. The wall adjoining the servery is faced in Italian tiles.
38. The roofs consist of trussed rafters set at 24 in. centres.
39. The operating floor of each pot room being about 12 ft above ground level, it is at this height that the steel superstructure is founded on an external framework of precast concrete beams and columns.
40. The buildings of the plant are all of steel-framed construction and are set on separate concrete pads connected with ground beams.
41. The light-weight factory-produced components represented 85 per cent of the construction costs, the remaining 35 per cent being site erection costs.
42. The walls encircling the upper Foyer of the theatre are covered with a short-piled, washable nylon material.
SECTION 5
FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE
Инфинитив - неличная форма глагола, называющая действие без указания лица и числа. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая в некоторых случаях опускается.
Каждая группа времен имеет свой соответствующий инфинитив. В строительно-технической литературе встречаются формы инфинитива, соответствующие временам группы Indefinite (Active и Passive), Continuous (Active) and Perfect(Active и Passive).
Перевод форм инфинитива зависит от функции, которую они выполняют в предложении. В строительно-технической литературе наиболее часто встречается инфинитив в функции;
1) подлежащего,
2) части сказуемого,
3) дополнения,
4)определения,
5)обстоятельства.
Рассмотрим функции, перевод которых представляет трудности. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего стоит перед глаголом-сказуемым и переводится на русский язык инфинитивом или существительным:
То build fast and economically is the task facing our construction engineers.
Строить быстро и экономично - вот задача, стоящая перед нашими строителями.
То build comfortable flats is one of the most important tasks of the five-year plan.
Строительство благоустроенных квартир - одна из важнейших задач пятилетнего плана.
Инфинитив в функции определения стоит непосредственно после определяемого существительного. В строительно-технической литературе инфинитив в функции определения употребляется чаще в пассивной и реже в активной форме. Он переводится придаточным определительным предложением с союзом "который", причем глагол-сказуемое имеет оттенок долженствования или ставится в будущем времени.
The project for the town redevelopment to be undertaken comprises a new town centre covering more than eight acres.
Проект реконструкции города, которая должна осуществиться, предусматривает новый городской центр площадью более восьми акр
An one-day conference to discuss the maintenance of buildings is to be held at the Institute of British Architects on March 5.
Однодневная конференция, которая обсудит вопрос об эксплуатации зданий, состоится в Институте Британских архитекторов 5 марта.
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели или следствия стоит в начале предложения перед подлежащим или в конце предложения. Он переводится неопределенной формой глагола с союзом "чтобы", "для того, чтобы" или реже отглагольным существительным с предлогом "для".
То place the panels in the final position measurement is necessary during the erection process.
Чтобы (для того чтобы) уложить панели в нужное положение, во время сборки необходимо производить измерение. Или: Для укладки панелей в нужном положении во время сборки необходимо вести измерение. Перед инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства часто ставится составной союз "in order" - "для того чтобы". Например:
In order to cast concrete columns and floors special concrete techniques were developed.
Для того, чтобы отлить бетонные колонны и перекрытия, были разработаны специальные приёмы бетонирования.
Задание 5.1
Define the functions of the infinitives and translate the sentences.
1. To work out new construction technique is the task of young builders.
2. To solve this difficult problem а numbег of ехperiments were made.
3. To erect a new department store in thе centre of the city the company engineers surveyed the site and its bearing capacity.
4. To study all the achievements in production of new building materials was found necessary. To construct modern houses, builders should apply new methods of construction.
5. To eliminate the need for housing, industrialized building was introduced after the World War II.
Translate, groups of words with Infinitive Passive in the function of an attribute.
The method to be studied...
The systems to be employed...
The accommodations to be provided...
The materials to be produced...
The elements to be transported...
The construction to be completed...
Translate the sentences:
1. A group of Soviet engineers completed the design of a powerful hydroelectric station to be built in Siberia.
2. The work to be done by the students on site is of great importance.
3. A conference to discuss the housing program is being called at Westminster on April, 7.
4. Door and window frames to be produced at the factory will be delivered to the site on powerful lorries.
5. The new concert-hall to be constructed in the town centre is designed by Moscow architects.
6. Buildings to be assembled from precast concrete units comprise office blocks, shops and car parks.
7. Timber houses to be made in Finland will be exported to no less than 50 countries.
8. A housing committee worked out a scheme of the structure to be submitted to the City Council.
Define the functions of the infinitives and, translate the sentences:
1. Several new Swedish methods have been developed in order to give the architect freedom in design.
2. The glass walls of the Sydney Opera House are the last major external elements to be designed.
3. To gain maximum efficiency from factory production of building units, it is desirable to precast full modules containing floors, ceilings and walls.
4. There are a number of planning factors to be considered.
5. In order to achieve rapid erection and to obtain a weathertight structure in the minimum time the choice of precast panel system was made.
6. The car park is the first of e series of multistorey car parks planned by the city Council to operate from the main road system around the central area.
7. Internal concrete surfaces are to be of a quality to receive paint or paper without further treatment.
8. Design construction and materials are of the simplest kind to keep within the rigid cost limits.
9. Since the last war, methods of system building have played an ever-increasing role in domestic building and have been extensively developed to achieve greater production with, fewer skilled workers and shorter man-hours.
10.The mobile cranes were used to assemble the unite, one acting at each of the two lifting points.
Translate into English using the infinitives in the corresponding functions.
1. Для того, чтобы описать индустриальное строительство нужно, знать, что стандартизация является основным условием для успешного строительства.
2. Для того, чтобы уменьшить работу до минимума на стройплощадке, элементы изготавливаются на заводах за пределами стройплощадки.
3. Класп и Интегрид являются системами, которые считаются сооружениями открытого типа.
4. Министерство общественного строительства разработало стандартную форму конструкции, которая будет доступна для любого производителя.
5. Изготовители разработали новую систему, которая будет использована для строительства нового завода.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitives. Use a dictionary.
1. The prefabrication of residential buildings can be achieved either by using standard floor plans or by setting up plants, which are to produce variable elements to suit different design criteria.
2. The elements should have enough versatility to be used in buildings of varying dimensions of length, width and height.
posite construction or steelwork have been used to increase the load carrying capacity for a given size of member.
4. It is significant to note that about 25 per cent or 320 man hours of the total time of conventional construction in the U. S.A. is spent on material handling and transformation.
5. Special tractor - trailers were designed to transport various elements to the site.
6. Stairs were specially designed to consist of one flight together with the landing.
7. The span of the floor elements becomes large and the exterior wall must be designed to be loadbearing.
COMPLEX OBJECT (сложное дополнение)
В английском языке после глаголов определенного типа употребляется сложное дополнение - оборот, состоящий из существительного (или местоимения в объектном падеже) и инфинитива.
Contemporary architecture requires a more careful study to be made of facing materials.
Такое дополнение переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами "что", "чтобы", "как":
Suppose a bar to be subjected to a gradually increasing tensile load.
Представьте, что балка подвержена постепенно возрастающему растяжению.
В строительно-технической литературе сложное дополнение чаще всего встречается после следующих глаголов:
to suppose (предполагать), consider (считать), to think (думать), to believe (полагать, считать) to know (знать), to find ( находить, узнать), want (хотеть), wish (желать), require (требовать), prove (доказывать), see (видеть), watch (желать), observe (наблюдать), to hear (слышать), to notice (замечать), to enable (давать возможность), to allow, to permit (позволять), to cause, to force (заставлять), to expect (ожидать, предполагать).
После глаголов to sее, to bear, to watch, to observe инфинитив употребляется без частицы tо:
We watched a complete kitchen (-) be picked up from a lorry by a crane and lowered into the steel framework of a house.
Сложное дополнение, стоящее после глаголов to enable, to allow, to cause, to force переводится без придаточного предложения:
Prefabrication, enables builders to erect houses fast and at low cost.
Заводское изготовление позволяет строителям возводить дома быстро и дешево.
При этом, если английский инфинитив имеет форму страдательного залога, при переводе следует изменить порядок слов: сначала перевести инфинитив, а потом существительное.
Perimeter beams enabled the brick walls to be built without support from below.
Балки по периметру дали возможность возводить кирпичные стены без особой поддержки снизу.
Задание 5.2
Translate the following sentences with Complex Object.
1. We believe new building materials to be used in the construction of comfortable houses.
2. Engineers found the steel frame to have provided a considerable saving in structural weight.
3. Contractors require the roads to be constructed ahead of houses because they are needed for delivery of material and equipment.
4. Architects prove special design of balconies to have been developed for the people living in the South.
5. We consider large-panel construction to provide a higher degree of industrialization and required a number of housebuilding plants to be planned for the manufacture of components.
6. The paper shows the precast domes to suit to mass production of single units.
7. They expect a considerable number of concrete highway bridges to be constructed by the lift-slab method.
8. Specialists in construction consider the number of prestressed concrete structures to be comparatively small in India.
Remake the following sentences according to the model:
Model: The assembly workers expect that the crane will be delivered to the site in a day.
The assembly workers expect the crane to be delivered to the site in a day.
1. The engineers consider that this scheme will be the most suitable for the construction of the concert hall.
2. We expect that the construction of the hotel will be completed without any delay.
3. We know that modern building methods reduce costs and speed up construction.
4. The engineers consider that one staircase will serve two flats on each floor.
5. The designer proves that building construction is made withregard to safety and comfort»
6. The architects believe that the new theatre building is excellent for concerts, lectures or perfomaaces of every kind.
7. Construction engineers allow that walls and floors were cast in-situ to complete the structure in the shortest time possible.
8. Some makers consider that the word "prefabrication" is out-of-date.
9. Scientists found that the amount of deformation was connected with the chemical compositions and physical structure of materials.
Translate the following sentences containing Complex Object after the verbs "to enable", "to allow". Use a dictionary when necessary.
1. Factory production of room-sized units enables buildings to be erected in the shortest time possible.
2. To build this large structure a precasting factory has been established to enable industrialized techniques to be used to best advantage.
3. The warm - air heating system can be operated without the heating equipment. This enables the tenants to have cool air fanned through the flat, providing pleasant comfortable ventilation.
4. The floors must be constructed before the roof is put on to enable finishing work to begin.
5. A six-storey car-park to accommodate at least 770 cars is being built at Croydon, employing a new method of construction use of which enables more care to be parked within a given area than conventional methods permit.
6.It is hoped that the new project will enable local authorities to make a determined attack on Britain's need for more homes.
7.Open systems allow architect to incorporate the units in buildings of his own design.
8.The open system allows considerable freedom in design and also permits the industrial development of details such as connections, window details, installation of fittings and exterior cladding.
9.Perimeter beams were designed to enable the brick walls to be built without support from below.
Underline Complex Object and translate the sentences.
1. The Gregory system is a method of building low multi-storied blocks of dwellings, which allows a wide variety of designs to be achieved.
2. The internal walls of the block of flats are perfectly smooth, so they enable wallpaper or paint to be applied directly on the concrete.
5. English engineers prove system building to be possible with practically all basic building materials.
4. The builders expect new details to be developed for supporting and connecting wall elements, which may be useful on other similar projects.
5. We know large-panel systems to be applied to residential, buildings economically using either mass production or individual prefabrication methods.
6.A new-type glass house, 420 feet long and 60 feet wide, which will allow exotic plants to be displayed, is to be built at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh.
7.Тhe experiment clearly showed the use of a helicopter on inaccessible building sites to be more advantageous than employment of traditional methods.
Переведите предложения. Помните, что
1) both... and имеет значение и... и, как... так и either... or - или... иди, либо... либо...;
1. The analysis and understanding of preetess losses is important for both designers and fabricators of prestressed structures.
2. The problem of selection of the most suitable material for a definite application is both a very important one and at the same time a somewhat difficult one.
3. Among other customers for the Finnish dwellings are both the United States and Russia.
4. Small houses from Finnland are made both as bungalows and as twin-storey constructions, using different designs of housing.
5. Plastics are both strong and inexpensive, and lend themselves to all kinds of working.
6. Floor tiles are available in a wide range of colours either marbled or plain.
7. The service block extends in either direction at right angeles to the main office block.
8. It is desirable both for the purpose of strength and durability that concrete should be made with the lowest water cement ratio.
COMPLEX SUBJECT. (Инфинитив как часть сложного сказуемого)
Инфинитив вместе с личной формой глаголов определенной группы образует особого рода сказуемое. Первый компонент такого сказуемого характеризует отношение автора к высказыванию, а второй компонент - инфинитив - обозначает действие, которое совершает подлежащее:
The redevelopment scheme is expected to cost million pounds.
Глаголы и словосочетания употребляющиеся в качестве первого компонента такого сказуемого можно разбить на три группы. Запомните их. Они помогут опознать конструкцию в предложении и правильно перевести:
1. Глаголы, употребляющиеся в данной конструкции только в страдательном залоге:
is (are) thought - думают, полагают
is (are) believed - полагают
is (are) excpected - ожидают, предполагают
is (are) claimed - утверждают
is (are) said – говорят, утверждают
is (are) stated - указывают
is (are) reported - сообщают
i (are) supposed - полагают
is (are) considered - считают
is (are) shown - показано, доказано
The hotel is reported to be completed in six months ahead of schedule.
Гостиница, как сообщают, будет построена на шесть месяцев раньше срока.
П. Глаголы, употреблявшиеся только в действительном залоге:
seems (seem) – кажется
appears (appear) - " -
proves (prove) - оказывается
happens (happen) - " -
Plastics prove to be of great importance in modern construction.
Пластмассы оказывается имеют важное значение, в современном строительстве.
III. Словосочетания, используемые в качестве первого компонента:
is (are) likely - вероятно
is (are) unlikely - мало вероятно
is (are) certain - несомненно
is (are) sure - несомненно
Helicopters are likely to win an inportant place for themselves on inaccessible building sites.
Вертолеты, вероятно, займут важное место в строительстве на труднодоступных участках.
Задание 5.3
Find Complex subject in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. The whole estate is expected to be completed by the end of 1967. It will accommodate 200000 people.
2. The new multi-storey college building is believed to accommodate about 3,000 students, it will be erected of precast units.
3. Timber which is likely to be one of the most important materials is used in all - branches of industry, manufacture and engineering.
4. The appearance of the bridge is expected to be entirely in keeping with surrounding countryside.
5. The cladding of the external walls is sure to be of precast concrete panels, traditional brickwork, curtain walling, wall panels or any other type of treatment.
6. This system proves to be used for buildings up to 12 storeys in height.
7. Stairs are certain to be of fire-resisting construction and in-situ concrete or precast unite can be used.
8. Materials chosen are supposed to harmonize with traditional architecture.
9. The new building is known to include an adult library, a children's library, an entrance hall, an office, a workroom, a store and staff-rooms.
10. Experiments are conducted with spray plaster finishes which are claimed to eliminate conventional plastering to dwelling.
11. The Bison system which is said to be the most complete and architecturally exciting is used to build apartment houses.
Remake the following sentences according to the model.
It is said that pleasing appearance of the building is obtained by treating the exterior in two different materials.
Pleasing appearance of the building is said to be obtained by treating the exterior in two different materials.
1. It is considered that the rate of construction depends on the technique being chosen for erection.
2. It is known that plastics are a very important building material in modern building.
3. It is stated that every architectural style is a product of its century.
4. It is claimed that prefabrication plays a great role in the call to speed up construction.
5. It is, reported that large precast slabs and sections are used on an ever - increasing scale in Soviet building industry.
6. It is stated that Clasp technique in Great Britain gives maximum freedom of planning.
7. It is believed that construction of school buildings is of great success in Great Britain.
8. It is known that lifts in Britain have inner and outer doors.
9. It is supposed that single family dwellings in traditional construction are built most efficiently by small builders with an output of 150 houses a year.
10. It is reported that Freyssinet system is the most widely used for post-tensioning bridge girders in the United States.
Translate into English, using Complex Subject where possible.
Считают, что система Уоллфрейм дает значительную экономию строительного времени. Преимуществом системы Уоллфрейм является её гибкость. Известно, что система Уоллфрейм является крупно-панельной системой, использующей несущие стены. Система Уоллфрейм снижает стоимость строительства на 20% по сравнению с традиционными методами. Стеновые панели и плиты перекрытий изготавливаются на заводах и собираются на строительной площадке. Утверждают, что по этому методу строятся здания от 8 до 20 этажей. Пять заводов в Англии, производящих сборные элементы, имеют общую производительность 8 домов в день. Каждая квартира использует следующие элементы: монолитный лестничный элемент, шахта лифта, ванная, санузел и др.
Analyze the following pairs of sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. a) of three recent contracts one is reported to be completed six months ahead of schedule.
b) of three recent coatracts one is reported to have been completed in six mouths ahead of schedule.
2. a) A one-day conference on the maintenance of buildings is reported to bе held at the Institute of British architects.
b) A one-day conference on the maintenance of buildings is reported to have been held at the Institute of British architects.
3. a) The new hotel in Glasgow is expected to be handed to its owners eight weeks ahead of schedule.
b) The new hotel in Glasgow is known to have been handed to its owners eight weeks ahead of schedule.
4. a) A series of 17 lecture meetings on dampness in buildings in believed to be arranged in London.
b) A series of 17 lecture meetings on dampness in buildings ie reported to have been arranged in London.
5. a) An agreement is supposed to be signed in Colombo between the governments of the USSR and Ceylon on the construction of a large-panel housebuilding plant.
b) An agreement is known to have been signed in Colombo between the governments of the USSR and Ceylon on the construction of a large-panel housebuilding plant.
Define the Infinitive Constructions:
1. The walls have a factory-applied external finish, which can be varied to suit individual conditions.
2. The building has been planned to minimize traffic noise in the bedrooms.
3. In the design of a steel structure it is first necessary to decide the type of the floor to be used to carry the loads.
4. Panels are made in sizes to accord with the facade panels.
5. Some specialists consider prefabrication to be the main factor in industrialized building.
6. Pretfabrication is a convenient term for the variety of techniques, which enable modern industrial methods to be applied to building.
7. Common examples of beams are steel beams used to support floors in buildings.
8. The engineer supposed a number of variations of the plan, facing materials and the type of heating to be incorporated in the design.
9. The principal advantages of the new system are believed to be flexibility and speed of construction.
10. The technique was found to be completely suitable for the factory buildings rather than blocks of flats or small nouses.
11. The Norm-Module System has been developed in Switzerland for the construction of the increasing number of scientific industrial and commercial buildings, which seem to be needed by a modern technological society.
12. It is impossible to separate the principal aspects of design.
13. The lightweight construction system is marketed specially for the use of companies to enable them to use standardized components for erecting houses.
14. These houses are intended to be used for either singleor twin-floor constructions.
VOCABULARY.
A
accidental (adj) - случайный
accurate (adj) - точный
adapt (v) - приспосабливать
adjustment (n) - установка, сборка
allow (v) - позволять, разрешать
amount (v) - составлять, достигать
apartment block (n) - жилой дом
art gallery (n) - галлерея изящных искусств
available (adj) - доступный
avoid (v) - избегать
В
be of a quality (v) - быть качественным
break down something into (v) - разложить на, разбить на
building order (n) - строительный заказ
С
capacity (n) - мощность, производительность
cast in one single piece (v) - отливать монолитно
cell (n) - ячейка
chaple (n) - часовня
church (n) - церковь
collection (n) - коллекция
competative (a) - соперничающий, конкурирующий
concert hall (n) - концертный зал
conduit (n) - желуб
conform to (v) - соответствовать
consideration (n) - соображение. фактор, рассмотрение
cupboard (n) - шкаф
D
damage (n) - повреждение
develop (v) - разрабатывать, строить
devise (v) - изобретать
describe (v) - описывать
destroy (v) - разрушать
determine (v) - определять
distribution (n) - распределение
display (v) - экспонировать
divide into (v) - разделять на
draw upon a number of ideas (v) - разработать ряд идей
duct (n) - желуб
E
egg-box type of etrueture (n) - ячеистый тип сооружения
enumerate (v) - перечислять
F
feature (n) - особенность
fit into (v) - приспосабливать, пригонять
flexible (adj) - гибкий
flight (a) - лестничный марш
flourish (v) - процветать, преуспевать
fortress (n) - крепость
G
gothic (adj) - готический
Н
have application for (v) - применять для
have a minimum effect on (v) - минимально влиять на
housing (n) - жилье
I
in comparison to (prep.) - в сравнении с
J
jewel (n) - драгоценный камень
L
launch (v) - разрабатывать
liftshaft (n) - лифтовая шахта
loadbearing (adj) - несущий
M
make possible (v) - позволять
manuscript (a) - рукопись
market (v) - покупать на рынке, продавать на рынке
master (a) - художник
magnificent (adj) - великолепный
meet the characteristics (v) - удовлетворять особенностям
N
notable (n) - достопримечательный, выдающийся
O
objective (n) - цель
offer advantages (v) - давать преимущества
off-site factories (n) - расположенные за пределами стройплощадки
open-space type of structure (n) - открытый тип сооружения
original (adj) - первоначальный
P
package (n) - сборка
partial (adj) - частичный
picture gallery(n) - картинная галлерея
prepare a scheme (v) - подготовить схему, лан
popular (adj) - популярный
progress (n) - прогресс, строительство
promote (v) - способствовать
program (n) - программа
prove (v) - оказываться
primarily (adv) - главным образом
place of interest (n) - достопримечательность
R
relatively (adj) - относительно
render assistance to (v) - оказывать помощь
repeatative (adj) - стандартный, повторяющийся
represent (v) - представлять
remarkable (adj) - замечательный
unite into (v) - объединять
unique (adj) - уникальный
unsatisfactory (adj) - неудовлетворительный
S
sandwich construction (n) - слоистая конструкция
save in (v) - экономить
sort out (v) - отбирать
shortcoBing (n) - недостаток
sculpture (n) - скульптура
sight (n) - зрелище
similar (adj) - подобный
spot (n) - место
smarting point (n) - отправная точка
staircase castings (n) - отливка лестниц
T
take place (v) - иметь место, происходить
take shape (v) - обретать форму
title (v) - называть
tower (n) - башня
tread (n) - ступенька
V
variation (n) - изменение
W
workable (a) - осуществимый, выполнимый, применимый
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