Trade development program in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010 - 2014 years (стр. 8 )

Logistical problems in tandem "Countryside-town." Production in rural areas and small towns at the level of small businesses, farms and farms is complicated by the fact that as a result of a lack of good channel and the inexpensive transportation of finished products of small regional producer remains out of reach of urban networks. A serious problem of rural and remote producer is also failing to provide their products quality packaging that is needed at the entrance to the shopping network.

The absence in the major cities of transport and logistics centers (TLC). TLC can fulfill the role of wholesale distribution centers (wholesale sites), speaking close link between manufacturers and retail chains.

In general, it should be noted that the deficit areas and accordingly High rents, High costs of logistics and storage predetermine the overall inefficiency and lack of competitiveness of the trading system. Questions infrastructure (square, engineering, logistics and warehousing) are currently the least understood part of the industry trade, although it is in this area, there is considerable room for improvement efficiency of the trading system.

Financial issues. The most urgent financial problems trading business include:

Firstly, it is a high level of debt trading enterprises and networks. Thus, the leverage of trade, calculated as the ratio of debt to GDP by production by the industry amounted to 128%.

Secondly, this shortage of working capital. The impact of the crisis on trade business is strongly felt in connection with the reduction in bank lending, and in relation to changes in consumer demand.

Lack of qualified specialists. Staffing problems are typical of the trade sector for the majority of non-financial and non-extractive industries. Briefly, they can be described as follows:

not fully provide training on trade specialties in the system of vocational education;

small share of trade disciplines in higher education, their unpopularity, both for universities and students;

Short-term education (trainings, seminars, workshops) fully operational only in Almaty;

the cost of private training centers available to small businesses;

the cost of private recruitment agencies available for small and medium businesses, while others search channels personnel (employment agencies, specialized newspapers and websites) do not differ more efficiency and professionalism;

full HR-services can only afford major retailers;

shortage of top management in the commercial sector.

Overview positive foreign experience.

In international practice, government regulation of trade in the initial stage to apply strict regulation aimed at preventing the displacement of small and medium entrepreneurs large retailers, capturing the retail market foreign leaders of the retail business, the decline in employment in the retail sector in the propagation of more efficient large format retailers. These measures were accompanied by severe requirements, up to the complexity of obtaining permission to open a large format retail facility, establish work schedule.

However, as the economy generated new targets trade, for example, reduction of excessive prices, improving quality standards, the development of logistics infrastructure, improving the efficiency of retail trade. In this regard, conducted simplification of requirements of government regulation, as in developed countries (France, Netherlands, UK, Japan), and developing. These measures contributed to the development of large retail formats, which resulted in increased productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of the industry, allows to realize economies of scale, to achieve maximum performance.

Wholesale and retail trade.

In international practice, no specific model of regulation of wholesale and retail trade, as it depends on the needs of each country. For example, France, the US and Poland were actively engaged in the development of large format trade, while countries such as Japan, by contrast sought to limit the capabilities for the development of large formats, supporting the development of small shops. However, there are a number of universal tools that achieve certain goals.

Limiting the development of large format stores. These measures are implemented by establishing mandatory harmonization at the opening of stores whose sales area exceeds a certain threshold level. On average, this level varies from 300 to 3000 square meters. m.

In many European countries for obtaining a building permit or the opening of a new commercial facility, you must pass an examination on the commercial viability of the project and obtain a permit. At the same time, take into account the impact of new facilities on employment, prices and operating a small ch permits are required for the opening of the shopping facilities in Austria (threshold level retail space - 800 sq. M), Belgium (400 sq. M), Hungary (3000 sq. M), Germany (800 sq. M), Denmark (1000 sq. m), Spain (2500 sq. m), Italy (1500 sq. m), Poland (2000 sq. m), Portugal (500 sq. m), Finland (2000 sq. m).

For example, in France, in the law of the development of trade and industry (1996) clearly defined procedures for obtaining building permits and the opening of new retail facilities. For the harmonious development of different forms of business, the following principles: prevention of unplanned growth of new forms of distribution; balanced urban development, in accordance with the local plan, and does not harm the environment.

Limitation on placement of large format stores. This objective is performed by the planning system. For example, in the UK the main lever of the state is the system of land use planning, which regulates placement of supermarkets in urban areas. It should be noted that in the UK None special legislation governing retail, but the government has the tools of indirect regulation by limiting the activities of supermarkets building permits supermarkets far from urban centers.

In Japan, the law of the location of large shopping centers retailers. According to him at the opening of the store studied have an impact on their environment - the possibility of formation of traffic jams in the location of shopping centers. We study the need for harmonization of their activities and the local community.

Exchange trade.

In the sphere of exchange trade has positive experience of commodity exchanges in other countries. In Russia, the creation and activities of commodity exchanges and exchange trade are governed by the law of the Russian Federation "On Commodity Exchanges and Exchange Trade" and the founding documents of the Exchange Rules of exchange trade and other internal documents of the Exchange. In particular, each exchange has the right to set their own list of commodities, but also includes other requirements that apply to the practice of exchange commodities trading. The main Russian stock products are: corn ("Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange"), petrol and sugar (RS), as well as cement, coal and fertilizer (IFAC).

In Belarus, according to the law "On Commodity Exchanges" Commodity Exchange is created in the form of a joint stock company. Authorized agency for regulation and supervision of stock exchanges is the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Belarus. Council of Ministers approves the list of goods and transactions in which legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are obliged to conclude on the stock exchange, including foreign trade, and conditions of such transactions. The list includes 86 positions on key strategic goods: Coal, briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal; Refined copper and copper alloys, unwrought.

One of the most developed in the world by virtue of centuries of accumulated experience and leading role in the global financial market is the English system of commodity and stock exchanges, the most famous of them are: London Metal Exchange and the London Stock Exchange, who specialize in specific types of products.

Regulation of electronic commerce.

The European Union in June 2000 adopted the "Directive on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular, electronic commerce in the internal market" (Directive on electronic commerce). This act is based on the general principles of the internal market of the European Union, such as the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, as well as provisions on the harmonization of national legislation. The most important in this context is the question of the definition of the state, with areas that provide ch activities should include the establishment of a commercial enterprise in perpetuity. In accordance with this rule, the location of the service provider will not be the place of the physical whereabouts of his site, and the center of its real economic activity, ie, a place from which to provide the services.

Implementation of the principles of the internal market of the EU is reflected also in the fact that for the provision of information society services are not required to obtain prior permission from the authorities. In this case, the service provider is required to provide constant access to information about themselves, including company name, actual address, e-mail address.

Catering services.

The regulation of this sphere depends on the interest of the state in the development of the sector. So, in Malta, which specializes in tourism, catering services given special attention, in this connection, acts corresponding decree "On Approval of the order of creation of objects of public catering" (2005). This country has a mandatory licensing of all catering facilities, which is carried out by local authorities. In connection with the normative legal act of the main objects of the power system is divided into 3 classes: "first class", "second class" and "third class", including:

Restaurants are divided into three classes;

snack bars and bars are simply classified as "first class" and "second class";

nightclubs and discos are to be classified as "Standard".