Контрольное задание № 1 (стр. 13 )

How did the Soviet scientists manage to obtain a great number of isotopes?

... due to their wide use in industry and medicine. ... due to the use of nuclear reactors. ... due to their ability to radiate.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. These parts should be subjected to X-ray examination.

2. If there were no atmosphere, there would be no clouds, no rain.

II.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

Specialists wanted the unknown element to be analysed and tested. To separate a compound into its elements, chemical means must be used. Cathode rays are known to travel from the cathode to the anode of the tube. The electrons move with various velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material.

III.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

The increase in labour productivity in industry is due to automation of manufacturing processes. The engineers will soon obtain better results, since they use a computer. Because of the danger of radiation one must take safety measures (меры предосторожности).

4. Provided automatic control is used, it will relieve man of monotonous work.

IV.        Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

the cathode ray tube - катодно-лучевая трубка

in spite of - несмотря на...

it was not until r895 that Rontgen - и только в 1895 году Рентген

to give off - испускать, излучать

to succeed in - удаваться сделать что-л.

NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY

1. The cathode ray tubes' that were developed about 1880 resulted in the discovery of the electron. Tubes of various design were constructed and the behaviour of cathode rays was studied. In spite of extensive experimental work it, was not until 1895 that Rontgen discovered that the cathode ray tube also emitted invisible rays. These rays were capable of penetrating opaque substances and were called X-rays because of their unknown nature.

2. In the following year Becquerel investigated several fluorescent substances as possible sources of similar penetrating rays. Of the substances tested, only a uranium compound affected a photographic plate which had been protected by a wrapping of black paper. Becquerel found that all uranium compounds gave off penetrating rays, the intensity of the rays being proportional to the amount of "radioactivity".

3. Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband, Pierre Curie, investigated this new property of radioactivity and tested all other known elements for radioactive properties. The only other radioactive element they found was thorium. Thorium like uranium possessed a very high atomic weight.

4. While working with a uranium-containing ore they separated the various elements in the ore and tested each for radioactivity. From the fraction containing the element bismuth, they isolated a new radioactive element that was named "polonium'' in honour of Poland. The barium fraction was also radioactive, thus suggesting the presence of another new element. This new element (discovered in 1893) possessed radioactivy two to three million times that of uranium and was named "radium".

After the death of her husband in 1906 Marie Curie continued her studies of the chemical properties of radium. In 1910 she finally succeeded in isolating the pure element from its compounds. Chemically speaking, radium acts like other elements of similar atomic weight. The other properties of radium associated with the radioactivity, however, are very striking. Rutherford had studied the radiations given off by radium. Under the influence of a magnetic field the rays were deflected in such a way that three types of radiations could be observed. Rutherford named the rays "alpha", "beta" and "gamma" and found that they were given off from all. radioactive elements.

V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What similar properties does radium possess compared with other elements?

It has the same degree of radioactivity. It has lower atomic weight. It gives off three types of rays.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

Without electronic equipment space flights would be impossible. The workers asked the engineer, if the new equipment would be installed in the shop.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

Lubricants are employed to reduce friction. The technology to be applied greatly improves the quality of glass. Having added heat we could change the state of a substance. The Sun is known to be a source of energy.

III.        Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

The strength of the light metals is less than that of the heavy metals. It is the only metal which can be used in this design. Either copper or aluminium is used for cables. The appearance of new materials is due to the achievements of chemistry.

IV.        Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 и 5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

to stem from — происходить

in the course of—в течение

fusion process — процесс синтеза

SOLAR ENERGY

Most of the energy that we use on the Earth even in some converted form such as coal and oil, stems from1 the Sun. Indeed, oil, coal, natural gas are fuels that release energy received from the Sun millions of years ago. When we use wood in a fire it is necessary to remember that the Sun supplied the energy for the growth of trees. Hydroelectric energy is known to be electricity produced from the energy of falling water. This is actually stored solar energy, the water being lifted from the sea in the course of the hydrological cycle which is driven by the Sun. Hydroelectric energy has several advantages over other ways of producing electricity. No fuel is required, since the energy comes from the Sun.

3. The Sun is also important to us as a laboratory in which we can study hot gases in a magnetic field. The knowledge we are gathering from the studies of the solar gas enables us to control fusion processes here on the Earth. If we could build magnetic "bottles" to contain hydrogen undergoing fusion at temperatures of millions of degrees and would use the hydrogen in the ocean we should obtain unexhausted sources of energy for millions of years.

4.        It is clear today that the supply of coal, oil and natural gas will soon become inadequate for our needs. It is natural that scientists began their search for new sources of energy. There is an increasing interest in obtaining energy from the Sun.

5.        There are devices that give off an electrical signal when struck by sunlight. The device employed for converting solar energy into useful power is the solar cell. In the solar cell the junction consists of two different kinds of semiconductors. The cell is energized not by heat but by light. But solar cells are still expensive to use for general commercial purposes. They proved to be an ideal source of power for artifical satellites.

6.        There is now considerable research centering on finding ways of converting solar radiation into heat and electricity. Man has learned to obtain electric power directly from the Sun at present. Architects have built houses to be heated by solar radiation due to applying suitably designed roofs and using suitable construction materials, the latter tend to retain heat obtained from the Sun. Under suitable conditions solar radiation can raise the temperature of the air to 300°F.

V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

How does man obtain power for heating houses?

raising temperature. using special materials for roofs. retaining heat.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 6

ВАРИАНТ 1

(для студентов вузов текстильной и легкой промышленности)

I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

a textile — ткань

A. D. — нашей эры

chrysolite — хризолит

yarn —пряжа

flame-proof clothing — огнезащитная одежда

strength — прочность

ASBESTOS

Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times. The first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny in the first century A. D. It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive textiles which did not burn even in direct flame. Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibres. It is a rock which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation. Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as a textile fibre in the form it is obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only chrysolite is widely used for textile products. Chrysolite is mined in many countries of the world. The soft, long, white fibres of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton fibre is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibres together. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibres is their resistance to heat and burning. This property determined the ways in which they are used.

4.        Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and table coverings. We know commercial development of the fibre to have started in the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flame-proof clothing of many kinds, for laboratory, industrial and military purposes.