It's the sucking reflex combined with another primitive response, the rooting reflex that allows infants to breastfeed. The rooting reflex works by turning the infant's head to face anything that strokes its mouth or cheek. As soon as something grazes the newborn's lips, the sucking reflex is activated. While the tongue then does a lot of the work, the lips are vital to maintain a tight seal so that the infant can swallow.
That means feeding, whether from breast or from bottle, is not a passive behaviour on the part of a newborn infant. It's more like a conversation, with each side doing his or her part in a dance elaborately choreographed by evolution. At the centre of that dance are the lips.
Read my lips
The lips are of course also important in the act of eating other foods, and in speech. In linguistics, the lips are two of many places of articulation, or spots in the mouth and throat that aid in blockage of air moving out from the lungs. Bring your two lips together and you can form the sounds p, b, and m. To make the sounds f or v, bring your lower lip to your upper teeth. To make a w sound, move the back of your tongue towards the roof of your mouth while also moving your lips closer together.
Speech is arguably a critical part of human life, but it's not quite as much fun as kissing. Kissing isn't universal, though it does pop up in some 90% of cultures. Darwin himself noted that there are cultures in which kissing is conspicuously absent. "We Europeans are so accustomed to kissing as a mark of affection that it might be thought to be innate in mankind," he wrote in The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals, "but this is not the case…[it is] unknown with the [Maori] New Zealanders, Tahitians, Papuans, Australians, Somals of Africa, and the Esquimaux [Eskimo]."
If kissing isn't universal, it could still have its roots in biology, perhaps as a combination of inherited impulses and learned behaviour. For one thing, other species kiss as well. Chimpanzees do it in order to reconcile following a fight, and bonobos do it with some tongue as well.
In a 2008 issue of Scientific American Mind the writer Chip Walter argued, citing British zoologist Desmond Morris, that kissing may have originated from the primate behavior of pre-chewing food and passing it to the kids. Chimpanzee mothers, for example, are known to chew food and before swallowing they press their lips to the lips of their youngsters to allow the food to pass into their mouths. The pressing of lips may have then become a general means for relieving anxiety. Basic classical conditioning would suggest that by pairing lip stimulation with food, simply touching the lips would eventually trigger feelings of pleasure. Add to that the overabundance of nerve endings in the lips, and you have the recipe for ecstasy.
Lip service
Lips are exquisitely sensitive (if sometimes slimy) bits of tissue. The part of the brain responsible for detecting touch is called the somatosensory cortex, and is found on the top of the brain in an area called the postcentral gyrus. Touch sensations from all over the body get sent there to be processed, with each part of the body getting its own little sub-division along the postcentral gyrus, and the size reflects the density of receptors rather than the amount of skin available to touch. For example, the part devoted to sensations from the chest and stomach is fairly small. Meanwhile, the parts that process sensations from the hands and lips are enormous. Just as the hands are a central conduit with which we experience the world, so too are the lips.
And that’s why the occasional chapped lip, or mistaken bite of this hypersensitive part of the body, is all worth it.
Jason G Goldman24
Exercise 3.2
Imagine that you are a professor at the biological faculty and have to give a presentation on the topic “Why do human need lips”. With the help of your notes and a presentation plan prepare a 7-8 minute presentation.
Presentation plan:
1) Present yourself
2) Present the topic you are going to speak about
3) Reveal your presentation plan
4) Give the presentation by following the plan
4) Summarize your presentation and thank the audience
Exercise 4
Match the word and its abbreviation.
I don't know Address As soon as possible Because South By the way Development For example Important, notice this With Against PeopleVs S w/ idk or 404 b/c ppl. devt. addr. NB BTW e. g. ASAP
Key
d | h | l | e | b | j | g | k | i | с | а | f |
Exercise 5
SMS language abbreviations are very diverse. Guess what each letter in an abbreviation mean. Check your answer with a partner and then with a key and see if your guesses were right.
1) AIMB
A
I
M
B
2) BBIAS
B
B
I
A
S
3) DWBH
D
W
B
H
4) EML
E
M
L
5) TIA
T
I
A
6) IMO
I
M
O
Key:
As I mentioned before Be back in a second Don’t worry, be happy Email me later Thanks in advance In my opinion
Exercise 6
Are you keen on SMS language? Try to translate these messages25 [48] into English!
My smmr hols wr CWOT._______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ILNY, its gr8._______________________________________________________________
Bt my Ps wr so {:-/ BC o 9/11 tht they dcdd 2 stay in SCO & spnd 2wks up N.________________________________________________________________
IDTS!________________________________________________________________
I wntd 2 go hm ASAP, 2C my M8s again.__________________________________________________________________
2day, I cam bk 2 skool.__________________________________________________________________
Key
1) My summer holidays were a complete waste of time
2) Before, we used to go to New York to see my brother, his girlfriend and their three screaming kids face to face.
3) I love New York, it’s great
4) But my parents were so worried because of September 11 so they decided to stay in Scotland and spend two weeks up North
5) I don’t think so!
6) I wanted to go home as soon as possible to see my mates again.
7) Today I came back to school
Exercise 7
Your phone account is very low and you have enough money only for one message. Write an SMS message to your friend. Use at least 5 abbreviations and contractions
- Warning him of his university debt in chemistry, which he has to sink as fast as possible. Inviting him to the conference devoted to nuclear energy that takes place in the Main Hall on Friday the 5th at 16.00. Thanking him for helping you to pass an entry math test by explaining a very complicated material. Informing him that his new student pass has been delivered and that he can pick it up by Miss Carnegie, room 215 from 13 to15 in the afternoon.
Exercise 8.1
Look at the notes, taken by a student who was listening to the text about the London Film museum. Speculate about the content of the video and invent your own video script by following the notes. Do you thing that the notes taken by a student good or not, why?
- British are creative – why? F. M = costumes + props + monsters + robots + fantasy. Created by Jonathan Sands (1\2 collect. from private archive) F. M promotes F. ind. through artifacts and costumes sets + donations.
Why Britain?
+ Theatrical tradition
+ Cultural events
Exercise 8.2
Now watch the video26[55]and make your own notes, compare them with the given ones. Imagine that you a director of the Film museum and prepare your own 1 minute monologue convincing the reporter that the British nation is the most creative one.
Exercise 9
Look at the liking words salad and divide the linkers into an appropriate group.
Exercise 9
Addition | Contrast | Sequence | Consequence | Time and place | Attitude words |
Furthermore And Such as Besides | Despite Though Although Otherwise | Then To begin with Next | Finally Therefore | Since As soon as Whenever Eventually | To my surprise Actually Perhaps Undoubtedly |
Exercise 10
Look at the pictures. Use as many connectors as you can to create a story illustrating the pictures. Write down a connector any time you use it.
A)
__________________________________________________________________
B)
C)
_________________________________________________________________________________
D)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 11
Watch to the video27 [56] “How a penny made me feel like a millionaire” and finish the statements.
Speaking for myself I find the story of Tania Luna____________________ It seems to me that the childhood of the presenter was ______ and_________ For instance,___________________________________________________In addition to that_______________________________________________
To my way of thinking the speaker felt_______ and ________ when she found a penny on the floor of a homeless shelter because_______________ Although the pizza the speaker ate was delicious______________________ It goes without saying that not only Tania Luna had a hard time in the US but also _________ and_____________ As for her husband, he__________________________________________ He and his family even had to____________________________________ What the dog is concerned, in the past it ____________ although now_____ I believe that the speaker feels like a millionaire now because___________ In conclusion, it has be mentioned that the video_____________________Exercise 12
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