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теоретического материала

Тема 2.8.

2.8.1. Present Perfect Tense. Настоящее совершенное время

The Present Perfect Tense (настоящее завершенное время) образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме настоящего времени и третьей формы смыслового глагола (причастия прошедшего времени).

Для неправильных глаголов (irregular verbs) – третья колонка в таблице неправильных глаголов; для правильных глаголов (regular verbs) третья форма образуется:

Утвердительное предложение:

Regular verbs

Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have worked	I've worked
You have worked	You've worked
He has worked	He's worked
She has worked	She's worked
It has worked	It's worked
We have worked	We've worked
You have worked	You've worked
They have worked	They've worked

Irregular verbs

Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have bought	I've bought
You have bought	You've bought
He has bought	He's bought
She has bought	She's bought
It has bought	It's bought
We have bought	We've bought
You have bought	You've bought
They have bought	They've bought

Отрицательное предложение:

Regular verbs

Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have not worked	I haven't worked
You have not worked	You haven't worked
He has not worked	He hasn't worked
She has not worked	She hasn't worked
It has not worked	It hasn't worked
We have not worked	We haven't worked
You have not worked	You haven't worked
They have not worked	They haven't worked

Irregular verbs

Полная форма	Краткая форма
I have not bought	I haven't bought
You have not bought	You haven't bought
He has not bought	He hasn't bought
She has not bought	She hasn't bought
It has not bought	It hasn't bought
We have not bought	We haven't bought
You have not bought	You haven't bought
They have not bought	They haven't bought

Вопросительное предложение:

Regular verbs: Irregular verbs:

Have I worked?	Have I bought?
Have you worked?	Have you bought?
Has he worked?	Has he bought?
Has she worked?	Has she bought?
Has it worked?	Has it bought?
Have we worked?	Have we bought?
Have you worked?	Have you bought?
Have they worked?	Have they bought?

Краткие ответы:

Yes, I have.
Yes, he/she/it has.
Yes, we/you/they have.

No, I haven't.
No, he/she/it hasn't.
No, we/you/they haven't.

Употребление the Present Perfect Tense

1. Для выражения действия, уже совершившегося к моменту речи, но результат которого имеется налицо в настоящее время. Точное время совершения действия не указывают, нас интересует результат.

Present Perfect Tense переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола совершенного вида (в некоторых случаях – несовершенного вида).

He has cleaned his shoes. (His shoes are clean now)	Он почистил свои туфли. (Его туфли чистые.)
I have painted the Kitchen. (Doesn't it look nice?)	Я покрасил кухню. (Не правда ли, она выглядит красиво?)
We have bought a new car. (We have a new car now)	Мы купили новую машину. (У нас сейчас новая машина.)
I have lost my glasses. (I can't find it now)	Я потерял очки. (Я не могу найти их сейчас.)

2. Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями:

ever - когда-либо;

never - никогда;

already - уже – в утвердительных предложениях,

yet - уже – в вопросительных предложениях;
еще – в отрицательных предложениях

just - только что;

lately - в последнее время;

recently - недавно;

before - раньше.

Have you ever been to London?	Вы были когда-нибудь в Лондоне?
I have never been to London.	Я никогда не был в Лондоне.
We have already had dinner.	Мы уже пообедали.
Have you had dinner yet?	Вы уже пообедали?
They have just arrived.	Они только что приехали.
What interesting books have you read lately?	Какие интересные книги вы прочитали в последнее время?
I have read a very interesting book recently.	Я прочитал недавно очень интересную книгу.
I have not seen him before.	Я его раньше не видел.

3. Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и не закончено еще к настоящему моменту. Индикаторами времени являются предлоги:

for - в течение какого-то времени,

since - с тех пор, как

Вопросительное слово - how long…? – как долго (давно)

Часто Present Perfect с временными предлогами переводится на русский язык глаголом настоящего времени:

I have known him for many years.	Я знаю его много лет.
How long have you known him?	Как давно вы его знаете?
He has lived in St. Petersburg since 1980.	Он живет в Петербурге с 1980 года.
They have been friends for two years.	Они друзья уже два года.

4. Present Perfect используют, чтобы рассказать о жизненном опыте с наречиями ever, never или без них, или изменениях.

I have never eaten chinice food.	Я никогда не ел еду китайской кухни.
They have traveled through Europe.	Они путешествовали по Европе.
Bob has put on weight.	Боб поправился (набрал вес).

2.8.2. Сравнение The Past Simple Tense и The Present Perfect Tense.