Instructor’s resource manual and test bank for joining together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e (стр. 12 )

7. Groups do not impair performance on individual tasks because

a. Every group member is equally at risk

b. They create evaluation apprehension

c. They provide psychological support

d. They are unconcerned about individual performance

8. Group polarization is when

a. Group members share their unique information

b. Group members gain insight into the group process

c. Group members gain insight unknown to any individual member

d. Groups make decisions more extreme that the initial inclination of its

members

9. Group polarization may occur because members

a. Modify their opinions to go along with the group

b. Reject persuasive arguments if they are from other groups

c. Feel the group will protect them from ridicule

d. Are in a hurry to make a decision

10. All group members should be involved in a group’s decision-making because

a. It increases members’ commitment to implement the decision

b. It fully uses the resources of each member

c. It allows members with extreme opinions to validate them

d. a & b

f. All of the above

11. In overcoming workers’ resistance to change, research suggests that

a. To save time, management should explain a change and have workers implement it

b. Managers should meet with representatives of the workers to help solve problems in implementing change

c. Managers and the workers should plan the change together

d. Managers should hire new workers who are willing to implement change.

12. Decisions should be made by one or two group members when

a. Decisions are easy and everyone understands what to do

b. Members do not need to be committed to implementing the decision

c. Decisions have to be made quickly

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All of the above

g. None of the above

13. If you wish to change people’s attitudes and behaviors, which is most effective?

a. Entertaining and informative lectures

b. Interesting and informative reading materials

c. Group discussions

d. Second chance meetings

14. An individual may outperform the group when it is

a. A disjunctive task

b. A conjunctive task

c. An additive task

d. A maximizing task

15. Groups are inferior to individual decision-making in

a. The quality of the decision

b. The number of person-minutes required

mitment to implementing the decision

d. Motivation to make the decision

16. Heterogeneous groups may be better than homogeneous groups when

a. Members complement one another

b. Each member must perform his or her role well

c. Groups have high turnover

munication is less frequent

17. In using computer-mediated decision making, it is best to supplement them with

a. Video conferences

b. Careful management oversight

c. Informal chat rooms

d. Face to face meetings

18. What is NOT a reason group decision-making fails?

a. The group does not have accurate or relevant information

b. The group is biased against the ideas of the expert member

c. The group has no appointed leader to direct the group’s work

d. The group has difficulty accommodating different cultures

19. The quickest decision-making method is:

a. Averaging individuals’ opinions

b. Decision by authority

c. Decision by majority vote

d. Decision by consensus

20. A major problem with decision by the expert is

a. The group always knows more than the expert

b. Determining who the expert is

c. Overestimating the power of the expert

d. It takes too long

21. A disadvantage of averaging individual opinions for decision-making is

a. It takes a great deal of time and psychological energy to collect the information

b. The leader is not taking responsibility for the decision

c. Members may change their mind afterward

d. Opinions of less knowledgeable members may outweigh more

knowledgeable members

22. Decisions should be made by one group member when

a. Time does not allow for a group decision

b. Group members are extremely dissimilar

c. Group members cannot reach agreement

d. Never – all group members should be involved at all times

23. In the Delphi Technique

a. Groups consult an expert in order to make a decision

b. Members are taught group skills so interaction improves

c. Individual opinions are circulated until a group average is determined

d. The authority makes the decision

24. A weakness of a decision by authority after group discussion is

a. In reality, the group members have no real input into the decision

b. Groups are usually too poorly structured to be of benefit

c. Members may tell the leader what they think he/she wishes to hear

d. The most persuasive arguments are often the most influential, rather than the

most logical ones

25. Decision by minority is most useful when

a. Many decisions need to be made and time is short

b. An expert is unavailable to make the decision

c. Those in authority do not care about the outcome

d. Group members do not care who makes the decision

26. In decision by majority, it is important to

a. Vote openly so everyone can see where the others stand

b. Emphasize that the majority is most likely to be right

c. Fairly consider the views of the minority

d. Insure that those in authority implement the decision

27. Which is NOT a guideline for decision by consensus?

a. Seek out and listen to differences of opinion

b. Change your mind when logically persuaded to do so

c. Use conflict–reducing procedures such as bargaining

d. Present the best case for what you believe

28. Which is NOT a benefit of decision by consensus?

a. Allows the better debaters to convince the others

b. High quality decisions

c. Uses the resources of all group members

d. High group commitment to implementing the decision

29. Total group member involvement in decision-making will likely result in

a. A better decision

b. Increased allegiance to the group

c. Stronger commitment to future group activities

d. a and b

e. All of the above

30. If you consider both time to make a decision and time to implement it, the least time-consuming decision making method is probably

a. Decision by authority

b. Decision by majority vote

c. Decision by consensus

d. Decision by expert

31. What helps a group develop maturity

a. Time and experience working together

b. Socializing together before the meeting

c. Identifying experts early and listening to their advice

d. Insisting on consensus for each decision

32. Maxine’s group is meeting right before lunch. What problem is most likely to arise to hinder good decision-making?

a. Free riding

b. Social loafing

c. Lack of cohesiveness

d. Dominant response

33. When members of a group reduce their contributions during group efforts, they are engaging in

a. Free riding

b. Social loafing

pervision

d. Groupthink

34. Social loafing may be present when

a. Members lack identifiable contributions

b. Group lacks cohesiveness

c. Group size is large

d. a and b

e. All of the above

35. Social loafing can be reduced or avoided when

a. The success of the group depends on the total effort

b. The task is simple rather than complex

c. Each member’s contributions are identifiable

d. The group uses dominant response techniques

36. When members of a group engage in “free riding” the other members are likely to

a. Work harder

b. Work less hard

c. Continue to work the same

d. Eject the free rider from the group

37. Which of the following characterizes groupthink?

a. An extensive information search is used by the whole group

b. Anyone expressing doubts is pressured to conform

c. The group is paralyzed by the risks of making the decision

d. The group uses the ideas of outsiders instead of its own

38. In group decision making, concurrence-seeking refers to

a. One side giving in to the other’s argument.

b. One side promoting its point of view

c. The group coming to a quick decision

d. All sides agreeing to disagree

39. Janis indicates that groupthink is promoted when

a. The group is not cohesive

b. The group is insulated from outside criticism

c. The group leader is weak

d. The group considers too many alternatives

40. The more heterogeneous the group

a. The more frequent the conflict

b. The less willing members are to accept incorrect responses

c. The greater the group productivity

d. b and c

e. c and d

f. All of the above

41. Group size is important because

a. As groups get larger fewer members are involved in solving the problem

b. As groups get smaller, the quality of problem solving or decision-making is

reduced

c. When a group member is missing, group performance suffers

d. Small groups make groupthink more likely to occur

42. When a group chooses one out of two attractive options, members tend to

a. Hold the unchosen option in reserve as an alternative

b. Discount the desirability of the unchosen option

c. Blame the expert if the chosen option does not work

d. Follow the group norms

43. In identifying and defining a problem or issue, the group should

a. Appoint a leader to keep order among group members

b. Give unwilling members greater status in the group

c. Discuss the difference between the desired and actual state of affairs

d. Ask supervisors to leave the room so the issue can be discussed honestly

44. In force field analysis, the problem is seen as

a. An issue that administrators will need to negotiate

b. An issue that is too complex to be solved

c. A balance between forces working in the same direction

d. A balance between forces working in opposite directions

45. When gathering information about a problem, groups should

a. Let the experts gather the information

b. Make a list of restraining and helping forces

c. Rely on the wishes of the high-power members

d. Eliminate possible courses of action

46. It is most important to effective decision-making that the group

a. Getting input from outside experts on feasible alternatives