Instructor’s resource manual and test bank for joining together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e (стр. 29 )

2. How much influence do you feel you had on the group’s decision?

Not at all 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 Completely

3. To what extent do you feel committed to and responsible for the group’s decision?

Not at all 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 Completely

4. To what extent are you satisfied with your group’s performance?

Not at all 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 Completely

5. How much did you learn about the issue under discussion?

Not at all 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 Completely

6. Write two adjectives describing the way you now feel:

Summary Table: Response to Postdecision Questionnaire

Group	Group Score	Understanding	Influence	Commitment	Satisfaction	Learning	Feelings
1
2
3
4

Determine the group means from the questionnaire responses and record them in the ­appropriate column, except for the first and the last columns. In the “Feelings” column put representative adjectives from the questionnaire.

Constructive Controversy Checklist

 1. ‑There was no winner or loser, only a successful, creative, and productive solu-
tion. The cooperativeness of group members should outweigh by far their com­petitiveness.

 2. ‑Disagreements among members’ positions were initiated.

 3. ‑All members’ contributions were listened to, respected, and taken seriously.

 4. ‑Every member’s contributions were attended to, respected, and taken seriously.

 5. ‑Effective communication skills were attended to, respected, and taken seriously.

 6. ‑Issues and problems were viewed from all available perspectives.

 7. ‑Group members criticized ideas and positions, not individuals. Members disagreed with one another while confirming one another’s competence.

 8. ‑Group members viewed disagreement as an interesting situation from which something could be learned, not as personal rejection or a sign that they were being perceived as incompetent or ignorant.

 9. ‑There was appropriate pacing of differentiation and integration of members’ positions. Differentiation took place first, followed by integration.

10. ‑Emotions were allowed, and members were encouraged to express them.

11. ‑The rules of rational argument were followed. Members presented organized ­information to support their positions, reasoned logically, and changed their
minds when others presented persuasive and convincing arguments and
proof.

12. ‑The arguments of all members were given equal consideration, regardless of how much formal power a member had.

Controversy Observation Form

Insert the name of each group member above the columns. Then record the frequency with which each member engages in each behavior.

Controversy Observation Form

Behaviors	Participants	Total
Contributes ideas and opinions
Asks others for their ideas and opinions
Emphasizes mutual goals
Emphasizes win-lose competition
Asks others for proof, facts, and rationale
Paraphrazes, summarizes
Criticizes and disagrees with others’ ideas
Criticizes other members as persons
Differentiates positions
Integrates positions
Total

Answer to Stranded in the Desert Exercise:

Scoring Key

Item Experts’ Ranking Your Ranking Difference Score

Magnetic compass 12

20- by 20-ft piece of 7

heavy-duty canvas

Book, Plants of the Desert 10

Rear-view mirror 1

Large knife 5

Flashlight (four-battery size) 8

One jacket per person 2

One transparent plastic ground

cloth (6 × 4 feet) per person 4

Loaded.38-caliber pistol 9

One 2-quart plastic canteen

full of water per person 3

Accurate map of the area 11

Large box of kitchen matches 6

Total _____

Score your group’s ranking by finding the absolute difference between your ranking and the experts’ ranking. An absolute difference is found by recording the difference between the two rankings while ignoring all plus or minus signs. After finding all the absolute differences, sum them. The lower your total score, the more accurate your ranking.

RATIONALE FOR EXPERTS’ RANKING

The group has just been through a traumatic situation that has had a shocking impact on all members. The fact that your advisor and the driver were killed would increase the shock reaction. Most, if not all, members of your group need to receive treatment for shock. Five of the more important problems for your group are as follows (Nesbitt, Pond, & Allen, 1959). One vital problem for the group members is dehydration from exposure to the sun, from bodily

activity (causing perspiration and respiration), and from the hot, dry air circulating next to the skin. To prevent dehydration the group members should (1) remain calm to reduce loss of moisture through respiration, (2) wear as many clothes as you can to reduce the loss of moisture through perspiration and having the dry desert air circulate next to your skin (by wearing sufficient clothes to keep the desert air away from your skin, you can lengthen your survival time by at least a day), (3) stay in the shade, (4) minimize movement, especially during the day, and (5) drink as much water as you can. Any activity that increases heartbeat, respiration, and perspiration will speed up dehydration. Taking care to remain calm and in the shade, the group could probably survive for three days without water. The need for clothes makes the jackets important. The need for shade makes the canvas important. To survive you must keep your body properly hydrated, either with adequate water or by keeping body heat production down and keeping desert heat (from sun, air, and ground reflection) out. Once the jackets are on and the sunshade is up, everyone should be as calm and inactive as possible.

Another vital problem is signaling search parties of your whereabouts so that you can be rescued. The items that may be used to signal your presence are the mirror, the canvas, the flashlight, the revolver, and a fire (matches). The mirror is the most important signaling device the group has. As Nesbitt, Pond, and Allen (1959) state, “A signal mirror

is the best, the simplest, the most important piece of survival equipment ever invented for the desert.” In sunlight the mirror can generate five to seven million candlepower of light, which may be seen beyond the horizon. It pays to flash the mirror at the horizon even when no plane is in view; search planes have turned toward a mirror flash even when the survivors have neither seen nor heard them. The canvas, when spread out to make a shelter, not only can reduce the temperature underneath it by as much as 20°F, but can also be easily spotted from the air because it contrasts with the terrain. The flashlight provides a reliable and quick night signaling device. The pistol is an important sound signaling device, because speech becomes seriously impaired due to dehydration. In the desert setting there have been numerous occurrences of searchers not detecting the people they were looking for because the survivors could not make loud enough noises to attract the searchers’ attention. There are important disadvantages to having the revolver in the hands of a group member who may become hysterical due to the trauma of the situation or delusional due to dehydration. Finally, building a fire at night and using smoke columns during the day will help attract the attention of searchers. “A column of smoke by day, a pillar of fire by night” is a biblical quotation worth remembering for desert signaling.

The third major problem is obtaining as much drinkable water as possible. The water you have in your canteens is enough to keep you rational for a while but not enough to extend your survival time. That is, the water in the canteens is enough to hold off the effects of dehydration for a while; without water, within twenty-four hours you can expect to have impatience, nausea, and sleepiness interfere with rational decision making. The only way to obtain purified water to drink from the shallow hole nearby is to build a solar still. The still is built by stretching the ground cloths a few inches above the waterhole and tilting them so that they drain into the canteens. The knife is helpful in cutting the stakes necessary to arrange the ground cloths. When the sun shines through the plastic onto the water, condensation forms on the underside of the plastic. The moisture is distilled and purified water.