Instructor’s resource manual and test bank for joining together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e (стр. 13 )

b. Systematically analyze each alternative before making a final decision

c. Plan how to implement the decision quickly

d. Inform management of the reasons for their decision

47. Which is NOT a step in force-field analysis?

a. Brainstorm all helping and restraining forces

b. Agree on the most important helping and restraining forces

c. Determine ways to reduce restraining forces and increase helping forces

d. Assign solutions to supervisors to implement

48. What is the effect of reducing restraining forces?

a. Resistance in increased

b. Resistance is decreased

c. It has no effect

d. The administrative equilibrium is upset

49 Which is NOT a step in ensuring high-quality decisions?

a. Leaders communicate their position at the outset

b. Every member is assigned the role of challenging ideas

c. Devil’s advocates are assigned the role of challenging ideas

d. Outside experts are invited to attend and challenge group views

50. Second chance meetings allow for groups to

a. Reaffirm the wisdom of their decision choice

b. Discount the desirability of the unchosen options

c. Express remaining doubts and criticisms

d. Plan for evaluation of the implementation

51. Evaluation of whether the decision was successfully implemented is

a. Outcome evaluation

b. Process evaluation

pervisory evaluation

d. Group processing

52. Evaluation of the effects of the decision is

a. Outcome evaluation

b. Process evaluation

pervisory evaluation

d. Group processing

TRUE OR FALSE

53. Group polarization is when half the group members are in opposition to the other half.

54. In group decision-making, it is best to let the expert member make the decision and move on to the next agenda item.

55. On divisible, maximizing, and optimizing tasks, individuals tend to do better than groups.

56. Heterogeneous membership is especially helpful on tasks requiring new solutions, flexibility, and quick adjustments to changing conditions.

puter mediated decisions are usually better than face-to-face decisions.

58. In the Delphi Technique, members stay meeting together until a decision is made.

59. Decision-making committees (minorities) can be efficient when a group has many decisions to make and not enough time to make all of them.

60. As groups get larger, more people try harder to solve the problem.

61. People generally feel like a sucker when they are contributing more than another member, even when that other member is trying hard to contribute but is unable to do so.

62. Systematically analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative before making a final decision may be the most important factors in effective decision making.

63. Once a decision has been made, the work of the group is done.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

64. What is the purpose of group decision-making?

65. What are the five characteristics of an effective group decision?

66. Why do groups usually make better decisions than individuals?

67. Explain what group polarization is and why groups may polarize.

68. Discuss two reasons why it is important to have all members involved in decision-making.

69. Explain how groups can be used to help change people’s behaviors and attitudes.

70. Explain how heterogeneous groups may be more productive than homogeneous groups.

71. Explain whether face-to-face or computer-mediated decision-making results in better decision-making and tell why.

72. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decision by expert?

73. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decision by averaging member’s opinions?

74. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decision by minority?

75. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decision by consensus?

76. What are the guidelines for making decisions by consensus?

77. What is the relationship between time and decision-making?

78. Discuss three factors that hinder group decision-making.

79. What are the differences between a social loafer and a free rider?

80. What are ways to reduce or eliminate social loafing?

81. Describe the characteristics of groupthink.

82. How does groupthink affect a group’s decision?

83. How does group size affect group decision-making?

84. What are the five steps of the problem-solving procedure?

85. Explain how the use of a force field analysis can help find solutions for a problem.

86. Explain three barriers to formulating and considering alternative solutions.

Chapter 8: Controversy and Creativity

1. Controversy is a conflict characterized by

a. Incompatible opinions where a winner is sought

b. Incompatible opinions where agreement is sought

c. Incompatible opinions where avoiding conflict is sought

d. Individuals decide without discussion

2. Aristotle’s Deliberate Discourse is:

a. Giving an oration at the Coliseum

b. Engaging in philosophical questions and answers

c. Taking action after discussing the issue with everyone involved

d. Discussing advantages and disadvantages of proposed actions

3. Which is NOT a step in the controversy procedure?

a. Research and prepare a position

b. Present and advocate positions

c. Argue for the other side

d. An impartial judge decides the winner

4. Perspective-taking is most present in

a. Debate

b. Controversy

c. Concurrence-seeking

d. Individual decision-making

5. A characteristic of both controversy and debate is

a. Consensus-seeking

b. Concurrence-seeking

c. Researching and presenting positions

d. Reversing perspectives

6. Controversy is constructive when there is

a. Cooperation and conflict

petition and conflict

c. Cooperation and conflict

d. Group processing

7. The process which brings the most open-minded to opposing views is

a. Debate

b. Controversy

c. Concurrence-seeking

d. Individualistic decision-making

8. The process lease likely to produce intellectual conflict is

a. Debate

b. Controversy

c. Concurrence-seeking

d. Individual decision-making

9. Individuals who hold strong beliefs about an issue are apt to

a. Accept confirming information at face value

b. Be highly critical of disconfirming evidence

c. Seek out unbiased concurrence-seeking groups

d. a & b

e. All of the above

10. Presenting a position and providing reasons why others should adopt it is

a. Cognitive rehearsal

b. Decision-making

c. Advocacy

d. Deductive thinking

11. Roberto and Alicia disagree on a topic important to each of them. To strengthen their relationship they should engage in

a. Debate

b. Concurrence Seeking

c. Controversy

d. Agreeing to disagree

12. Advocating a position and defending it against refutation require

a. Certainty in the correctness of your views

b. Cognitive rehearsal and elaboration

c. Concurrence-seeking

d. Inductive reasoning

13. When individuals in a controversy are confronted by different ideas and conclusions, they

a. Develop epistemic curiosity

b. Become more close-minded

c. Bond with those who agree with them

d. Become disinterested in the process

14. In controversy, members critically analyze one another’s positions in order to

a. Win the controversy for their side

b. Refute them

c. Determine weaknesses and strengths

d. Reduce conflict

15. Individuals who disagree will engage in perspective-taking

a. In a cooperative context

b. In a competitive context

c. When they wish to discount the other’s ideas

d. In concurrence-seeking

16. Integrating a number of different ideas and facts into a single position is

a. Synthesizing

b. Dualistic thinking

c. Elaboration

d. Overt controversy

17. The purpose of having group members engage in controversy is to

a. Help the stronger arguers determine the group’s decision

b. Help the weaker arguers have their say

c. Find a position all members can implement

d. Keep harmony among group members

18. Marcella has decided that she wants her employees to discuss ideas openly and honestly. So she has them practice the process of

a. Debate

b. Controversy

c. Concurrence-seeking

d. Friendly competition

19. Within a cooperative context, controversy promotes

a. Open-minded listening to opposing positions

b. Motivation to learn more

c. More accurate understanding of the opponent’s position

d. b and c

e. All of the above

20. When disagreeing with others in a controversy, it is most important to

a. Confirm their competence

b. Incorporate their views into your own

c. Develop clever ways to refute their ideas

d. Be diplomatic

21. Perspective-taking means

a. Looking at the issue from a disinterested third person perspective

b. Looking at the issue from the other person’s perspective

c. Looking at all the reasons in favor of your perspective

d. Taking the ideas of the other side and integrating them into your side

22. Rational argument includes all EXCEPT

a. Generating ideas

b. Collecting and organizing relevant information

c. Allowing the best arguers to win

d. Using inductive and deductive logic

23. Rational argument requires group members to

a. Change their minds based on logical arguments

b. Use logic to refute ideas that they did not have

c. Make conclusions early in the process

d. Integrate ideas to include everyone’s initial position

24. Minority influence occurs when members in the minority

a. Silence nonconformists

b. Go along with the majority opinion

c. Create a sub-group of dissenters

d. Persuade members of the majority to agree with them

e. All of the above

25. Minority opinions are most persuasive when

a. They hold steadily to their view

b. They are willing to compromise a little

c. More than one person holds the opinion

d. a & c

e. All of the above

26. To make sure the group engages in productive controversy, it is most important that they

a. Brainstorm all possible ideas

b. Have each individual publicly state their opinion