However Siberia is in the centre of our big country, far from countries speaking another language, therefore it is difficult to get spoken practice here at present. Internal motives have changed, external motives do not play big role any more. Pupils and students are unreceptive to appeals to study well.
3. Method of Internet correspondence on a foreign language
From a considerable quantity of known forms of interest activization to study a language we chose the Internet - dialogue with foreign contemporaries. The choice is proved by presence of some enough strong internal motives of youth which can be used for our object: a great interest of pupils to computer technologies, to correspondence with Russian-speaking friends through the Internet, availability of the Internet at school and in families of pupils. The big advantage of the method consists also in the fact that correspondence is independent business of each pupil and is carried out at home during after-lesson time. Teacher is released from necessity of carrying out of out-of-class employment. His role is limited to consultations during usual lessons.
Considering these advantages of the method, the methodical teaching aid «Friends on correspondence in English», developed in Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University by Melnikov E. S. [1] has been used. It allows to use safe (without danger of computer viruses and a pornography) way of search of foreign friends. The aid is completed with CD-disk with bilingual texts on widespread themes of youth correspondence. It allows to facilitate the most difficult stage of the correspondence - its beginning.
Comparative varification of motivation was carried out at group of pupils of 6-9th classes, i. e. at the least interested in foreign language pupils. Obtained data are presented in drawingpupils of the specified classes who used the manual and initiated correspondence with foreign friends participated in questionnaire. Results of the comparative analysis of questionnaires are presented on figure 4.
Drawing 4. Influence of Internet correspondence on motivation (our data)
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3.4 Motivation to foreign language study in University
139 students of internal and correspondence branches of the Institute of Power Resources Management in Agrarian and Industrial Complex of the third and fourth courses have been questioned. The same school questionnaire was used. The motivation to a foreign language has the same failure in the middle of the training period and can be corrected by international correspondence. Results of research are fully adequate to the previous findings.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The carried out research definitively shows positive influence of Internet correspondence on internal motivation to foreign language study.
2. The applied technique developed in Krasnoyarsk State agrarian University by Melnikov E. S., impart knowledge of a foreign language more demanded and consequently more attractive to youth.
3. The task of increasing motivation of learners is executed. Using the Internet correspondence technique, learners of the most problematic groups have raised a motivation indicator to study foreign language and began to use a foreign language in their life.
4. Manual on Internet correspondence can be included in educational methodical materials for the organisation of foreign language teaching in all educational institutions for out-of-class work.
BIBLIOGRAFY
1. Мельников по переписке на английском языке. Penpals: учеб. метод. пособие / ; Краснояр. гос. аграр. ун-т. – Красноярск, 2009. – 15 с.
УДК 378.1
ON READINESS OF A TEACHER TO INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY
Suhacheva T. V., Suhachev V. V.
FGOU SPO “Minusinsk Agricultural College”,
Melnikov E. S.
FGOU VPO “Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University”
О ГОТОВНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЯ К ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
,
ФГОУ СПО «Минусинский сельскохозяйственный колледж»,
г. Минусинск
ФГОУ ВПО «Красноярский государственный аграрный университет» г. Красноярск
Рассматривается происхождение, история и значение термина «инновация». Применительно к понятию «педагогическая инновация» указываются его составные части, основные функции, приводятся показатели готовности преподавателя и его учебного заведения к инновации.
Innovation is a characteristic for any professional work of a person and consequently becomes a subject of studying, analysis and introduction. Innovations do not arise spontaneously; they turn up by scientific searches, an advanced pedagogical experience of individual teacher and of a whole collective. This process cannot be spontaneous, it needs in management.
The term "innovation" has Latin origin. In translation it is – updating, change, input something new, introduction of novelty. This concept has appeared for the first time in researches in a XIX-th century and meant introduction of some elements of one culture in another. In the beginning of XX-th century there appeared a new area of knowledge, innovatics – a science about innovations which studied laws of technical innovations in sphere of material production.
As applied to pedagogical process the innovation means introduction of a new in the purposes, the maintenance, methods and modes of study and education, organisation of joint activity of a teacher and a student.
The term “pedagogical innovations“ has been scientifically proved and entered in pedagogy in the eighties of the XX-th centuries.
Pedagogical innovation – is an innovation in pedagogical activity, changes in the maintenance and technology of training and education, having for an object increase of their efficiency.
Innovative process consists in formation and development of subject-matter and the organisation of the new. As a whole by the term innovative process it is meant complex activity on creation, development, use and propagation of novelty.
The innovation is the purposeful change bringing in inhabitancy new stable elements, causing transition of a system from one state to another.
Innovative process of training includes:
ü Revision of the maintenance of education;
ü Updating of forms, methods and tutorials;
ü Creation and use of modern educational technologies;
ü Development of creative abilities of a teacher and students.
Innovative education builds educational process as movement from social and cultural knowledge and abilities of the trade to technological, giving to a student understanding of ways and methods of a decision of his professional problems, and from them to methodological, allowing to trace dynamics of his professional work quality.
The innovative thinking is formed by student if, first, he is actively motivated in training, realizes requirements of individual self-control for achievement of the vital purposes; secondly, if educational process reflects full life cycle of professional work with its innovations and contradictions.
Thus, leading functions of innovative training are-:
ü Intensive development of the student’s personality and the teacher;
ü Democratisation of their joint activity and dialogue;
ü A humanisation of teaching and educational process;
ü Orientation to creative teaching, the active doctrine and the initiative of the student in his formation as future professional;
ü Modernisation of means, methods, technologies and material resources of education, promoting formation of innovative thinking of the future professional.
Innovative activity - regular development and introduction by teacher pedagogical innovations for the purpose of creation of conditions for evolution of the student’s personality on the basis of creation innovative educational environment.
Character of innovative activity of the teacher depends not only on conditions existing in concrete educational institution, but also from level of its readiness for this activity.
Readiness for innovative activity is a set of qualities of a teacher defining its orientation on development of his pedagogical activity and activity of all collective educational establishment, and also its abilities to reveal actual learner’s problems, to find and realise effective ways of their resolving.
Components of readiness of a teacher to innovative activity:
ü Presence of motive;
ü A complex of knowledge of modern requirements to educational results, innovative models and educational technologies;
ü Set of knowledge and ways of the decision of problems of this activity, i. petence in the field of pedagogical innovation.
Motives for inclusion in innovative activity can be:
ü Reception of additional earnings;
ü Work necessity;
ü Recognition and respect from a governing body and colleagues;
ü Professional duty necessity;
ü Realization of own creative potential and self-development.
Absence of motivation testifies to unavailability of the teacher to innovative activity.
The material motive or motive of work necessity corresponds to weak readiness for innovative activity. High level readiness corresponds to motivational structure in which the leading part is played values of self-realization and self-development.
Without comprehension of participation in innovative activity as personal value it is impossible to be of high readiness for this activity.
The second component of readiness – a complex of knowledge of modern requirements to results of education, innovative models and educational technologies.
New teaching technologies demand from a teacher pedagogical skill. There is a list of pedagogical knowledge and skills in a literature which are necessary for modern teacher:
ü Ability to diagnose the training and education purposes;
ü Deep, systematic knowledge of the discipline and its scientific bases;
ü Ability to restructure a teaching material from primitive presentation one by one lessons to logic structure according to a problem of the whole theme;
ü To know how to model (in its purposes, the maintenance, forms, methods and tutorials) professional activity of the future specialist in educational process;
ü Free working knowledge of active training methods;
ü Ability to provide a favourable psychological climate and teacher - student cooperation.
The next component of readiness of a teacher to innovation is a competence in the field of pedagogical innovations. A teacher well prepared for innovative activity in this aspect:
ü grasps a complex of concepts of pedagogical innovations;
ü understands a place and a role of innovative activity in educational institution, its communication with teaching and educational activity;
ü is able to study experience of teachers-innovators;
ü is able to analyze critically pedagogical systems, educational programs, technologies and didactic tutorials;
The teacher is able:
ü to develop innovative offers for improvement in educational process;
ü To develop projects of introduction of innovations;
ü To put the purposes of experimental work and to plan it;
ü To analyze and estimate himself as a subject of innovative process.
Readiness for innovative activity in modern conditions – the major quality of a professional teacher without which it is impossible to reach high level of skill.
The important condition of readiness of a teacher to innovative activity is moral and psychological climate in collective.
The head of any educational institution is obliged to carry out all reforms strictly on a legal basis. The rule of law – the important and necessary tool of administrative activity. Certainly, any norm limits freedom. But the freedom of action of modern head assumes, first of all, its high legal culture. Without a normative regulation normal work is impossible. A support on the right and morals in educational institution, applying innovations is one of the major conditions of ensuring safety of students and teachers.
Pedagogical innovations should promote the fullest realisation of the right to education, the rights of everyone to dispose freely by own abilities to work, to choose a kind of activity, a trade, other rights and freedom defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Such administrative practice is an innovation itself.
УДК 577.4:658:662.753
THE SYSTEM OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC MONITORING OF WILDLIFE RESOURCES AS A MEAN OF MANAGEMENT OF THEIR RATIONAL EXPLOITATION IN SAKHALIN ISLAND OIL-AND-GAS PIPE LINES CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLOITATION AREAS
Dudarev D. V.
СИСТЕМА ЭКОЛОГО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО МОНИТОРИНГА РЕСУРСОВ ЖИВОТНОГО МИРА КАК СРЕДСТВО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИХ РАЦИОНАЛЬНЫМ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ В ЗОНЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ НЕФТЕГАЗОПРОВОДА ОСТРОВА САХАЛИН
ФГОУ ВПО «Иркутская государственная сельскохозяйственная
академия», г. Иркутск
В исследованиях обосновывается применение системы «Эколого-экономического мониторинга ресурсов животного мира» для оценки ущерба охотничьим животным, как средство управления их рациональным использованием, необходимость ее адаптации в зонах строительства и эксплуатации нефтегазопроводов острова Сахалин.
Protection of the National interests, proprietors and users of wildlife objects is provided by federal legislation in the sphere of nature protection and rational exploitation of natural resources, fauna and plant kingdom, specially protected areas. However, the methods of damage valuation, scales of ecological and economic consequences of industrial assimilation influence on the natural complexes are not developed up to now; also negative influence and damage to traditional branches of hunting economy are not determined.
Damage to animal world – is the decrease of resource potential of wild animals in their habitat as a result of natural or anthropogenic impact, which is fixed in quantitative and price indexes.
Scientific researches in this sphere are restricted by works of P. P. Naumov (), A. M. Karelov (1979), V. G. Shvets (1985), M. N. Andreev and others (1997), A. S. Zalesov (1997) and others.
Our laws, regulating processes of nature management, are not bad, but they practically don’t work in this direction. So, we should establish that this actual problem is one of the most complicated, debatable and practically not developed up to now.
Way out should be based on the application of economic and administrative - criminal sanctions against infringers and plunderers of natural resources. Objective ecological and economic cost valuation of damage to wildlife resources should become a component part of modern strategy of nature management, environment protection, and rational exploitation of natural resources and steady development of regions. At the same time, compensating payment and fine sums should exceed damage dimension in order of magnitude, and infringers must be called to account.
In the base of damage valuation is the methodological principle, consisting in determination of difference between population density indexes in non-transformed grounds and in the areas which are subjected to reclamation. If we know the width and the length of degraded districts, we can calculate their areas and quantitative indexes of killed animals or animals, which left these grounds, and then – damage (Naumov, 1986, 1999, 2003, 2010).
Last decades there is a big rise of industrial influence on unique natural complexes of Sakhalin Island, connected with construction and exploitation oil-and-gas lines. Now there are two active lines on the island. One of them is 220 km long; it belongs to American company “Exon”. It stretches from Chaivo oilfield in the Sea of Okhotsk to the De-Castry port on the bank of Khabarovsk Territory. It has been put into operation from 2005. Another one is 800 km long and it belongs to “Sakhalin Energy”, it stretches to Prigorodnoye port from the Piltun Bay and Lunskoye oilfield, which are situated in the Sea of Okhotsk too. It has been put into operation from 2008.
Sakhalin Island – is the unique natural complexes with original landscapes and biodiversity. As all island systems, they are very vulnerable, because of not only natural, but also anthropogenic factors. Spawning water areas, forest ecosystems with various plants and animal world are most subjected to industrial reclamation influence, which is connected with exploring, building and exploitation of oil-and-gas complexes. Besides, cutting down, poaching and irrational use of natural resources make essential damage to natural ecosystems.
Consequently, now it is necessary to develop such methods of control and management of natural complexes, which can maximally provide rational exploitation of natural resources and can protect them from negative anthropogenic influence, connected with construction and exploitation of oil-and-gas lines.
Reasoning from above-stated, the aim of this research is the adaptation of “The system of ecological and economic monitoring of wildlife resources” applying to the hunting animals of the island in oil-and-gas pipe lines construction and exploitation areas. Basic methodological and methodical positions of such systems are made by Professor P. P. Naumov (Naumov 1985, 1999, 2003).
During realization and adaptation of such system we need qualitatively new approaches to the solving of this problem, and also the level of knowledge, which can provide the reflection of a system reality, methods of control and management of happening processes. The system should be maximally oriented to research-and-production requests and the demands of executors and consumers, and provide them with the authentic and comparable information.
Methodical assurance, software and compound elements of the system should be not only unified, but also conform to the legislation of Russian Federation. Integral, ecological and economic management of rational exploitation of natural resources, including animal resources, giving them the complex valuation, calculating the damage, and developing the strategy of nature management can be realized only on the basis of unified, system-defined approach.
There are 16 species of mammals among traditional objects of hunting on the Sakhalin Island. The main form of their economic usage is trade and sport hunting. From economic point sable, otter, mink, fox, musk-rat, reindeer, red deer, bear, mountain hare, hazel grouse and white grouse have the particular importance.
As a result of oil-and-gas lines construction and industrial reclamation of the region, big part of hunting resources suffer negative press, it leads to significant reduction of their abundance, degradation of the habitat and finally negatively influence on the traditional methods of management and on the prosperity of natives.
In the base of the article material there is the information, received in the Laboratory of the island ecological problems of The Sea Geology and Geophysics Institute and The Ecological Watch of the Sakhalin Island. From the “Sakhalin Energy” reports on the valuation of the damage to hunting animals was found out that the work was made by request and only on the short area of the longest oil-and-gas line, what makes us doubt in the validity of the results. Damage calculation was made in accordance with the document “Temporal method of determination and prevention of ecological damage”, which is approved by State committee of Russian Federation in the sphere of habitat protection on March, 9th, 1999. Quantity of killed and forced out animals was taken into account, at that loss of species population was considered as one-time. Damage to the hunting animals was calculated only in 4 km stripe (2 km in one direction and 2 km in another direction from the line). Total dimension of the damage to the hunting animals was estimated in 9 rubles.
According to the “Rule of ecological differentiation of ethological reaction and spatial adaptation of wild animals during anthropological influence”, the width of three zones of anthropological impact vary from a few metres to 25 km in two directions from the cutting. Moreover, authors didn’t take into consideration that there are three adaptive groups of animals with different reaction, and that the influence doesn’t disappear later. (Naumov, 1981, 1999, 2003, 2010).
Thus, bringing above the dimensions of damage needs not only methodological and methodical substantiation, but also the reconsideration of the results.
Final stage of realization of principal function of this System is the development and taking up of administrative decisions. Introduction of this System in the activity of scientific-research, environmental, educational enterprises and industrial structures opens big opportunities of forming ecological culture of society, rational and operative, purposeful management of reclamation and protection of wildlife resources. This will let systematize and regulate their economic exploitation, substantiate and plan complex guard and reproduction measures.
This is a new scientific concept in the strategy of modern nature management, habitat protection and development of social production. The main difference of this System from analogous projects is in system-defined and unified approach to the organization and realization of monitoring with the integration of ecology and economy as a mean of control. It should become the basic informational unit of management and rational exploitation of wildlife resources, and also provide all the regions of the country with unified methodical and informational space.
Список использованной литературы:
1. Временная методика определения и предотвращения экологического ущерба. Госкомитет РФ по охране окружающей среды. – М., 2000. – 11с.
2. Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации от 01.01.01 г. № 000. Об организации и осуществлении государственного мониторинга окружающей среды (государственного экологического мониторинга). – М., 2003. – 2 с.
3. Постановление Совета Министров и Правительства Российской Федерации «О создании Единой Государственной Системы Экологического Мониторинга РФ (ЕГСЭМ)». – М., 1993. – 12 с.
4. Проект «Сахалин 2», Этап 2, ТЭОС Т. 3, кн. 8, ч. 2.1.
5. Андреев оценки стоимости ресурсов, применяемые при анализе антропогенных воздействий, на наземных позвоночных / , , // Вопросы применения экологии (природопользовании) охотоведении и звероводстве : материалы науч. конф., посвящ. 75-летию образования ВНИИОЗ им. проф. . – Киров, 1997. – С. 346–348.
6. О методике исчисления ущерба, наносимого ресурсам охотничьего хозяйства в результате деятельности предприятий нефтегазодобычи на разрабатываемых месторождениях // Вопросы применения экологии (природопользовании), охотоведении и звероводстве. Материалы научн. конф., посвящ. 75-летию образования ВНИИОЗ им. проф. . – Киров, 1997. С. 354–356.
7. Залесов факторы влияния и их степени действия на охотничьих животных на разрабатываемых месторождениях нефти // Биологические ресурсы: состояние использование и охрана. – Киров, 2005. – С. 93-95.
8. Наумов интегральной эколого-экономической оценки ресурсного потенциала, освоения и ущерба охотничье-промысловым животным. – Иркутск, 2003. – 51 с.
Наумов закон «Дифференциации этологической реакции и пространственной адаптации диких животных при антропогенных воздействиях» // Рациональное использование и энергосберегающие технологии в агропромышленном комплексе. Матер. международ. науч. произв. конф., посвящ. 65-летию Победы в ВОВ. – Иркутск, 2010. – С. 176 – 183.
9. Швец оценки ущерба при нарушениях среды обитания диких животных (на примере Хабаровского края) // Механизм оценки, предотвращения и возмещения ущербов в природопользовании. Ч.2. – Иркутск, 2001. – С. 27 – 40.
УДК 631.153.(571.17)
THE PROBLEM OF EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE OF KEMEROVO REGION
Baranova A. S.
FSEI HPE Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute Kemerovo
ПРОБЛЕМА ЗАНЯТОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ КЕМЕРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
ФГОУ ВПО «Кемеровский государственный сельскохозяйственный институт» г. Кемерово
В данной работе рассматривается проблема занятости сельского населения в Кемеровской области. Анализируются причины безработицы, тенденции изменения численности населения, заработной платы в сельском хозяйстве, объемы финансирования и т. д. В конце работы предлагаются мероприятия по решению данной проблемы.
Nowadays the problem of employment in agriculture is very important. Recently the dynamics of the reduction of rural population in Kuzbass has been observed. For example, during 2years the rural population decreased from 426.8 thousand people to 424.9 thousand.
This tendency is observed because of several reasons. Lack of work, seasonal prevalence of agricultural work, inadequate level of wages for hard working conditions, lack of prestige of agriculture, well as overall life in the village, lack of prospects. So, this in turn, leads to the problem that young people leave villages, and move to towns.
The reduction of the rural population is connected with low social and living conditions of rural life (lack of central heating, uncomfortable houses, etc.). Also in the village cultural sphere is poorly developed. There are no cinemas, sport complexes. There is a problem of poor quality of health services. Schools are closed. It has been a strong reduction of teachers. Another problem of villages is poor quality of roads. It is a problem to get from village to town.
As for the age of the rural population, we can speak about the predominance of older age groups years and older). Over the past years there has been "aging" of the rural population (Table 1).
Table 1 – Distribution of rural population by age group in 2years, number of persons
Age group | Years | Changes 2009/2007 | |||
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | +/- | % | |
0 - 9 | 46 295 | 47 722 | 49 790 | 3 495 | 107,55 |
10 – 19 | 61 438 | 56 894 | 52 965 | -8 473 | 86,21 |
20 – 29 | 68 195 | 70 779 | 72 533 | 4 338 | 106,36 |
30 – 39 | 51 728 | 53 069 | 54 127 | 2 399 | 104,64 |
40 – 49 | 66 346 | 63 145 | 59 852 | -6 494 | 90,21 |
50 – 59 | 61 000 | 63 566 | 65 755 | 4 755 | 107,80 |
60 – 69 | 32 199 | 32 013 | 30 351 | -1 848 | 94,26 |
70 and older | 37 870 | 38 776 | 39 557 | 1 687 | 104,45 |
Traditionally agriculture is the main activity of the rural population. This industry employs the majority of villagers.
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