Трохим зіньківський в ідейно-естетичному контексті доби (стр. 12 )

В “Выводах” сформулированы итоговые положения диссертационного исследования. Т. Зинькивский – один из лучших писателей в аспекте воплощения в литературную практику философии украинской идеи. Творчество автора послужило расширению интеллектуальных горизонтов, европеизации родной литературы в проблематике, утверждению духовных ценностей, распространению критического взгляда на современность, борьбе с бездуховностью и национальной деградацией украинской интеллигенции.

Беллетристическое наследие Т. Зинькивского является художественно оригинальным и идейно богатым. Писатель прошёл эволюцию от миниатюр с лирико-философским и публицистическим началом до эпических произведений в объективно нейтральной манере повествования, развил композиционно-стилевые средства басни. В центре рассказов Т. Зинькивского личность человека, её психология, движения души, ощущения и чувства, смоделированные в форме полубеллетристических, полупублицистических очерков, философско-психологических рассказов, аллегорически-сказочных этюдов.

Писателя волнуют универсальные “вечные истины”, которые определяют существование человека и нации. Он художественно исследовал проблему разрыва личности со своими родовыми корнями, высмеял уродство милитарного мира России, утвердил в литературе нового героя – украинского интеллигента. Художественные принципы Т. Зинькивского – склонность к обычным сюжетам, к реализму простого случая, недомолвкам, незавершённости сюжетной ситуации, приглушенных конфликтов, и одновременно к глубокому содержанию, подтексту, лирической активности авторского повествования – явились достижениями национальной прозы 1880-х гг.

Ключевые слова: биография, национальная идея, эпистолярий, проза, традиции и новаторство, европейский контекст, эстетические принципы, интеллигенция, публицистичность, психологизм.

S. S. Kiral. Trokhym Zynkivskyi in the Ideological and Aesthetic Context of His Time. – A Manuscript.

A Dissertation seeking the award of a PhD, philology; Speciality 10.01.01 – Ukrainian Literature. Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Lviv, 2003

Trokhym Zynkivskyi (1861-1891) – a thinker, writer, translator, critic and writer of sociopolitical literature – is one of the outstanding representatives of the Ukrainian national renaissance of the second half of the 19th century.

The subject of this investigation is Trokhym Zynkivskyi’s personality in the wholeness of his life, his destiny, the microcosm of his “self”, and his stimulating literary legacy as a phenomenon of all-European culture. The writer is considered by means of the systemic characteristics of his biography, his personality, and his creative work, as well as in the context of his relations of dialogue with his time.

The Introduction presents the rationale behind the topicality and scientific novelty of the dissertational investigation, gives an outline of the theoretical and methodological principles, methods used, and formulates the goals and objects of the work.

Section One The Intellectual and Historical Dimension of Trokhym Zynkivskyi’s Biography reveals the historical and historical-literary prerequisites for the making of the writer - the worldview, ethical and aesthetic foundation of this process. The chapter The Appraisal of Trokhym Zynkivskyi by his Contemporaries and the Historical-Literary and Philosophical Thought of the 20th century offers a wide range of critique of the writer’s multifaceted literary work. Particular emphasis is laid on the works by B. Grinchenko who managed to publish under extremely difficult circumstances two volumes of works by Trokhym Zynkivskyi along with the solid foreword-biography of the man of letters. The dissertation makes an investigation of the texts by the Ukrainian writer published in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as those found in the archives. The chapter The National-Political and Ontological sources of Trokhym Zynkivskyi’s world outlook traces the evolution of the writer’s aesthetic perceptions of the world, as well as his ties with the development of social consciousness of the Ukrainian intelligentsia; gauges the impact of the atmosphere of national and social life in Odessa, Kharkiv, Kyiv and St. Petersburg on the writer; considers his personal relationships with L. Smolensky, B. Grinchenko, M. Komarov, with leading members of the Old Community (Stara Hromada) – V. Antonovich, A. Konysky and M. Berenshtam. The poly-context character of the writer’s overall democratic and national-Ukrainian self-assertion is revealed. Chapter Three The Ideological Concept of Trokhym Zynkivskyi’s Work in St. Petersburg uses the writer’s correspondence to research his “internal” and “external” life of a literator in the northern capital, his literary, scientific and critique writing work, and to generalise on the data relating to the writer’s individuality – his personality, world outlook, creative work and individual style.

Section Two Trokhym Zynkivskyi’s Creative Work in the European Context of Philosophical and Aesthetic Quests of the Time makes a study of the relationship between the writer’s creative individuality and the overall European literary and cultural processes. Chapter One Trokhym Zynkivskyi’s Creative Axiology in the Western European Context makes a study of the writer’s inter-literary ties of external-contact, genetic and historical-typological analogy, resemblance, and coincidence types. Special emphasis is made on the creative use by the Ukrainian author of traditions of the world's culture, as well as on his contacts with individual writers abroad. Polish and Czech writers' works were the object of Trokhym Zynkivskyi's critical axiology; for this reason, in Chapter Two, the author of the dissertation expounds the specific features of Zynkivskyi’s interpretation of their works.

In Chapter Three Genre and Stylistic Peculiarities of Zynkivskyi’s Creative Work in the Context of His Time an analysis is made of fables, fairy tales and small epic-form pieces. Zynkivskyi’s prose organically combines realism and romantic dream; richness of presentation, as regards detail and some particular, sometimes document-attested, facts and the artistic generalization of his characters and images; originality in portraying and his connection with folklore, Kyiv Rus and other national and historic roots.

Within the framework of the Section, the writer's fables, a collection of fairy tales, translations of pieces for children are considered (the Chapter Trokhym Zynkivskyi as Fable and Fairy Tale Writer: the system and context), and, also, an interpretation is given of the writer's epic pieces, such as "The Dream", "Mon Cher Kozak", "Sydir Makarovych Prytyka", "A Historical Fairy Tale", "Where to go?" (the Chapter Trokhym Zynkivskyi's Prose: Traditions and Innovations). “Where to go?” by Trokhym Zynkivskyi – is an original Christmas story that is characterized by novelistic, in part legendary and fairy tale material, lofty patriotic idea, the hero’s pulsating hot-headed deliberation in the innovative form of enthusiastic sociopolitical journalism. Other works of great talent by the author are also considered.

Section Four Folklore, Sociopolitical and Philosophical Works by Trokhym Zynkivskyi in the Context of National Struggle of the Last Quarter of the 19th Century examines one of the least studied aspects of Zynkivskyi’s work – his being a specialist in folklore, a linguist, and a writer of sociopolitical literature – against the background of the sociopolitical and cultural processes of the time. The Chapter The Folklore Legacy of Trokhym Zynkivskyi in the Context of Actual problems of Ukrainian Ethnology traces the author's line of evolution - from the collection and notation of folklore (during his Odessa period of life), experimental characterization of folk poetry from the point of view of its social significance and social problems to the interpretation of folklore as a manifestation of the national spirit and the historical memory of the people, its moral standards. The following Chapter The Problem of Nationalities in Trokhym Zynkivskyi's Sociopolitical Works contains an analysis of the texts that expressed opposition to the repressive actions of the authorities towards Ukrainian society and were directed at the defense of the national interests of Ukraine under imperial Russia. The Chapter Language and the Nation in the System of Trokhym Zynkivskyi's Culturological Views contains an analysis of the writer’s views as to how to resolve a whole range of problems of preserving and developing the Ukrainian language against the background of the national and linguistic processes typical Ukraine at the end of the 19th century.

The Conclusions section carries the formulation of the final theses of the dissertational investigation. Trokhym Zynkivskyi is one of the best writers in the sense of putting the philosophy of the Ukrainian idea into literary practice. His creative work served the purpose of widening the intellectual horizons, making Ukrainian literature more European in character as regards problems raised, standing by the cultural values, disseminating a critical view of contemporary life, fighting the lack of spirituality and national degradation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia.

Trokhym Zynkivskyi's fiction legacy is artistically original and rich in ideas. He developed further the instruments of composition and style in fable writing, evolved from writing lyrical, philosophical and sociopolitical miniatures to epic works characterized by an objective and neutral manner of narration. In Trokhym Zynkivskyi's stories the focus is on human personality, it’s psychology, sensibilities, perceptions and feelings modeled in the form of semi-fictional, semi-sociopolitical essays, philosophical and psychological stories, allegorical fairy-tale style studies, or in contaminated form.

The writer is concerned with universal “eternal values” that determine the existence of human beings and nations. He made an artistic investigation of the problem of an individual tearing away from the ancestral roots; mocked at the ugliness of the militaristic world of Russia; established a place in literature for a new hero – a Ukrainian intellectual. Trokhym Zynkivskyi's artistic principles - his inclination for ordinary plots, the realism of ordinary events, vagueness, incompleteness of plot situations, latent conflicts, and, at the same time, profound content, hidden meanings, lyrical vividness of the author’s narration – were the achievements of the national prose of the 1880’s.

Key words: biography, national idea, epistolary, prose, traditions and innovations, European context, aesthetic principles, intelligentsia, sociopolitical character, psychologism.

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