Передмова (стр. 11 )

Exercise 17. Fill in the gaps with the following words or word combinations:

cylinder, watts, divided, power, advantages, motion, horsepower, destroyed, measured, pressures.

1. Any cause which tends to produce or change … may be considered as force.

2. In the English system, force is … in pounds.

3. … is the product of force and distance … by time.

4. What is one of the principle … of hydraulics.

5. Power can be measured in … or …

6. Energy cannot be created or … .

7. In some aircraft hydraulic systems, very high … are employed.

8. A very small actuating … can exert tremendous force.

Exercise 18. Match the definitions with the terms and learn them by heart.

1. Force per unit area	a) power
2. Force times distance	b) pressure
3. The product of force and distance divided by time	c) work
4. Any cause which tends to produce or change motion	d) horse power / watt
5. The power required when 550lb of force is exerted through a distance of 1ft in 1s	e) force

Exercise 19. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements using the following expressions.

I don’t agree with the statement.

I disagree with this.

I am afraid I can’t agree with you here.

I am afraid (I think) you are mistaken.

I see your point, but … .

On the contrary.

Nothing of the kind, I am afraid.

I am sure, that...

1. Power can be measured in grams, kilograms, or newtons.

2. To measure the force of hydraulics, we must be able to determine force per unit area.

3. Hydraulics includes the study of world nations and their physical characteristics.

4. A basic principle of hydraulics is expressed in the law formulated by Newton in the seventh century.

5. When liquids are at rest, certain dynamic characteristics must be taken into consideration.

6. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy converted to heat must be added to the total energy of the moving liquid.

7. Horsepower can be expressed as 550ft divided by lb/s.

8. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, the multiplication of force is accomplished at the expense of distance.

Exercise 20. Answer the questions on text 2.

1.  What is the product of force and distance divided by time?

2.  What may force be considered as?

3.  In what units is pressure measured?

4.  How can one horsepower be expressed?

5.  What is one of the principle advantages of hydraulics?

6.  What does the law of conservation of energy state?

7.  What pressure can a very small actuating cylinder exert in some aircraft hydraulic systems?

Exercise 21. Translate into English.

1. Будь-яке зусилля, спрямоване на спричинення або зміну напрямку руху є сила. 2. Робота – це сила, помножена на відстань. 3. Потужність – це добуток сили та відстані, поділений на час. 4. Через те, що енергію неможливо ані створити, ані знищити, збільшення сили відбувається за рахунок відстані. 5. Циліндр, який має поперечний переріз 12 см2, здатний відтворити силу в 44 480N.

Exercise 22. Make a list of key words of text 2 and use them in the sentences of your own to give the gist of the text.

Exercise 23. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 3.

Lubricating medium – мастильний засіб

thereby – завдяки чому, таким чином

vegetable-base fluid – рідина на рослинній основі

fire-resistant fluid – вогнетривка рідина

castor oil – рицинова олія

brake system – гальмівна система

hydraulic-power system – гідроенергетична система

fire hazard – ризик виникнення пожежі

wheel brakes – гальма шасі

damaging – шкідливий

phosphate ester – фосфат, що містить ефір, фосфорнокислий ефір

dissolve – розчиняти; розріджувати; розкладати

paint – фарба

lacquer – лак, палітура

enamel – емаль

gasket – прокладка, сальник

seal – ущільнювач; обтюратор

hose – шланг

butyl rubber – бутилова гума

fluorocarbon resin – фторовмісна вуглецева смола

contaminate – забруднювати

to be finished with – бути оздобленим

coating – покриття, захисний шар

spill – проливати, розсипати

Exercise 24. Read and translate text 3.

Text 3. Hydraulic Fluids

Hydraulic fluids make possible the transmission of pressure and energy. They also act as a lubricating medium, thereby reducing the friction between moving parts and carrying away some of the heat.

There are three principal types of hydraulic fluids: vegetable-base fluids, mineral base fluids, and fire-resistant fluids. Vegetable-base fluids are usually mixtures containing castor oil and alcohol and are coloured blue, blue-green, or almost clear. They are still used in some brake systems but are not generally found in hydraulic-power systems.

Mineral-base fluids consist of a high-quality petroleum oil and are usually coloured red. They are used in many systems, especially where the fire hazard is comparatively low. Mineral-base fluids are less corrosive and less damaging to certain parts than other types of fluid.

Fire-resistant fluids used in transport aircraft are usually of the phosphate ester type. These fluids are coloured light green, blue, and purple. Great care must be taken to see that the units installed in the hydraulic system are of the type designed for fire-resistant fluid.

Fire resistant hydraulic fluid will soften or dissolve many types of paints, lacquers, and enamels. For this reason, areas which may be contaminated with this type of fluid must be finished with special coatings. When any of the fluid is spilled, it should immediately be removed and the area washed.

Exercise 25. Translate the following words and word combinations.

Brake system, hydraulic power system, comparatively low, mineral-base fluid, coating, extensively used, to take great care, reduce friction, transmission of pressure and energy, assure, wheel brakes, increased fire resistance, dissolve, advantage, fire hazard.

Exercise 26. Find English equivalents in text 3.

Зменшення тертя, збільшений опір виникнення пожежі, передавання тиску та енергії, перевага, відносно низький, гальмівна система, ризик виникнення пожежі, розчинятися, рідина на мінеральній основі, гідроенергетична система, піклуватися, покриття, запевняти, забезпечувати, рідина на рослинній основі, розчиняти фарбу, лак.

Exercise 27. Give antonyms to the following words. Consult a dictionary, if necessary.

High-quality, increase, advantage, liquid, small, usual, usually, possible, reduce, extensively, resistant, positive, approved, soften, contaminated, coloured.

Exercise 28. Translate the following «noun + noun» clusters:

Vegetable-base fluid, castor oil, brake system, hydraulic power system, transport aircraft, Teflon fluorocarbon resin, high-quality petroleum oil, petroleum base liquid, butyl rubber, wheel brakes, mineral-base, hydrocarbon fluid, fire hazard, phosphate ester type.

Exercise 29. Match adjectives (I) with nouns (II) and translate the word combinations formed.

I.  Great, small, hydraulic, certain, resistant, special, corrosive, low, principal.

II.  Parts, care, coating, aircraft, power, fluids, pressure, fire, coating, type, system, hazard, corrosion.

Exercise 30. Say whether the statements are right or wrong and correct the wrong ones.

1. There are three principal types of hydraulic fluids.

2. Vegetable-base fluids are usually mixtures containing castor oil and water.

3. Vegetable-base fluids are widely used in hydraulic-power systems.

4. Mineral-base fluids consist of a high-quality petroleum.

5. Mineral-base fluids are extremely corrosive and damaging to certain parts.

6. Fire-resistant fluids are coloured red, orange and yellow.

7. Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids can dissolve many types of paints, lacquers and enamels.

8. Mineral-base fluids are used in many systems where the fire hazard is very high.

9. Seals, gaskets and hoses used with the fire-resistant fluids are made of butyl synthetic plastic.

10.  When any of the fluid is spilled, it may remain untouched as it is absolutely harmless.

Exercise plete the following sentences with the word from text 3.

1. There are three principal types of hydraulic fluids:…

2. Vegetable-base fluids are coloured…

3. Mineral-base fluids consist of …

4. Small aircraft wheel brakes, flaps and landing gear usually use..

5. Great care must be taken to see that the units installed in the hydraulic system are of the type…

6. … will soften or dissolve many types of paints, lacquers and enamels.

7. Areas which may … must be finished with special coatings.

8. Vegetable-base fluids are not found in…

9. Fire-resistant fluids used in … are usually of the phosphate ester type.

10.  When any of the fluid is spilled, it should immediately … .

Exercise 32. Translate into English.

1. Гідравлічні рідини, як і мастила, знижують тертя між рухомими частинами.

2. Гідравлічні рідини, які є сумішшю рицинової олії та спирту, все ще використовуються в деяких гальмівних системах.

3. Рідини на мінеральній основі використовуються на маленьких літаках, оснащених силовими гідравлічними системами.

4. У гальмівних пристроях коліс, закрилках і шасі використовуються гідравлічні системи.

5. Протипожежні рідини мають світло-зелений, блакитний або багряний колір, вони часто використовуються в транспортній авіації.

6. Поверхні, що можуть бути забруднені протипожежними рідинами, мають бути покритими спеціальним захисним шаром.

7. У разі потрапляння на поверхню гідравлічної протипожежної рідини, її слід негайно змити з поверхні.

Exercise 33. Answer the questions on text 3.

1. What do hydraulic fluids make possible?

2. Where are vegetable-base fluids used?

3. Where are mineral-base fluids used?

4. Why should care be taken while replacing gaskets, seals, and hoses?

5. What areas must be finished with special coatings?