Передмова (стр. 9 )

Heat exchangers need to be disassembled and cleaned periodically. Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned by such methods as acid cleaning, sandblasting, high-pressure water jet or drill rods.

In large-scale cooling water systems, water treatment such as purification, addition of chemicals is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchanger equipment.

Exercise 67. Translate the following word combinations and use them in sentences of your own.

Waste water treatment, save a lot of money, external source of heat, harmful to the environment, play a vital role, remove pollutants, engine oil system, thermal power plant, steam-driven turbine, nuclear power plant, fossil-fuelled power plant, similar units, incoming fluid, overall heat loss, high-pressure water jet.

Exercise 68. Write adjectives related to the following nouns. Name suffixes used to form adjectives. Translate the derivative chains.

Use, industry, viscosity, commerce, harm, environment, efficiency, chemistry, simplicity, variety, practice, tube, vein, artery, period, purification, waste, nucleus, nature, difference, expense, heat, possibility, addition, system, circle, blood, presence, method..

Exercise 69. Give corresponding adverbs. Translate the pairs.

Recent, rapid, current, complete, common, good, fast, extreme, late, natural, efficient, hard, final, easy, full, main, wide, direct, usual, horizontal, vertical, periodical, primary.

Exercise 70. Put the adjectives and adverbs in brackets into the comparative or superlative form.

Oil is (important) of all fossil fuels today. External source of heat is (expensive) and (harmful) to the environment than heat supplied by heat exchange. Shell and tube exchangers are (efficient) for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes. Plate heat exchangers have (large) surface area and fluid flow passages for heat transfer than tubular heat exchangers. Direct contact heat exchangers are used (often) in air conditioning and humidification. One of the (wide) uses of heat exchangers is for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles. Thin-walled heat exchangers can (easily) be damaged or destroyed than others. Spiral heat exchangers may be used to have (little) pressure drop, (high) thermal efficiency and (low) energy costs. River water is often used as cooling water so fouling is the (serious) problem in some heat exchangers. The (common) example of a heat exchanger is a radiator in a car.

Exercise 71. Translate and comment upon the following verb forms.

are used, can be recovered, will be removed, is producing, is being carried, need to be disassembled, must be cleaned, has converted, have been built, may have been damaged.

Exercise plete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets into correct Active or Passive tense forms.

The shell (make) of steel and (stiffen) to provide higher corrosive resistant tubes. To overcome corrosion some manufactures (provide) higher corrosive resistant tubes. As the steam flow (cause) the turbine to rotate, the electric generator (turn) and electricity (produce). This technology must (improve) the quality of heat exchangers. The tube may (make) up of materials having different chemical composition. Heat exchangers (classify) according to their flow arrangement. Heat exchangers need (disassemble) and (clean) periodically. Heat (take) from the engine oil system to (heat) cold fuel. Heat exchangers can (use) either to (heat) a liquid or (cool) vapour. Exhaust steam from the turbines (convert) into water for re-use.

Exercise 73. Work in pairs. Translate the questions into English and find the correct answers.

1. Для чого використовують теплообмінники?	a) Tubular heat exchangers are cleaned by such methods as acid cleaning, sand blasting, high-pressure water jets or drill rods.
2. Від чого залежить тип і розмір теплообмінника?	b) Heat exchangers are used in industry both for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes.
3. Що називається конденсатором у теплотехніці?	c) They convert the exhaust steam from turbines into water for re-use.
4. У який спосіб працюють теплообмінники на теплоелектростанціях?	d) The type and size of heat exchanger depends on thermodynamic properties of fluid.
5. Які технології застосовують для очищення труб теплообмінників?	e) A condenser is the commonly used term for a water cooling shell and tube heat exchanger.

Exercise 74. Translate into English.

1. Конденсатор в теплотехніці – це теплообмінник, який використовують для конденсації пари шляхом охолодження. 2. Теплообмінники застосовують на теплових і атомних електростанціях для конденсації відпрацьованої в турбінах пари. 3. Теплообмінники поділяються на прямоточні, теплообмінники із зустрічними та перехресними потоками в залежності від напрямку потоку рідини. 4. У процесі експлуатації труби теплообмінника забруднюються, що призводить до зниження ефективності роботи турбіни. 5. Сучасні конструкції теплообмінників дозволяють виконувати механічне очищення труби на певній ділянці без зупинки процесу. 6. Тип і розмір теплообмінника залежать від тиску та інших термодинамічних властивостей. 7. На літаках теплообмінники є складовою частиною системи змащення двигуна і використовуються для нагрівання палива. 8. Додавання хімічних речовин до рідини зменшує утворення накипу у трубах.

Exercise 75. Discuss the following questions in groups.

1.How are shell and tube heat exchangers cleaned?

2.How often is it necessary to clean tubular heat exchangers? Why?

3.What do heat exchangers serve for in heating and power plants?

4.Why are heat exchangers used in aircraft engine oil system?

Exercise 76. Choose the correct verb form.

1. The word ‘energy’ … from Greek word.

a) derived;

b) derive;

c) derives;

d) have derived.

2. The Laws … on the idea of conservation of energy.

a) based;

b) will base;

c) is based;

d) are based.

3. This point of view … by many scientists.

a) shared;

b) is shared;

c) were shared;

d) are shared.

4. Heat … from a hot area to a cold area.

a) is moved;

b) move;

c) moves;

d) have moved.

5. Thermodynamics … by second year students.

a) are studied;

b) study;

c) were studying;

d) is studied.

6. The science … of need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines.

a) developed out;

b) have developed out;

c) develops;

d) will develop.

7. Energy … in many ways.

a) are measured;

b) measure;

c) measures;

d) is measured.

8. Energy … in one form or another.

a) have existed;

b) are existing;

c) existed;

d) has existed.

9. The term thermodynamics … by James Joule in 1859.

a) coined;

b) coins;

c) have been coined;

d) was coined.

10. The new textbook on thermodynamics already … .

a) was writing;

b) has been written;

c) wrote;

d) will write.

11. The type and size of heat exchanger …

a) choose;

b) can be chosen;

c) is choosing;

d) must have chosen.

12. Heat exchangers play a vital role in … optimal temperatures.

a) maintain;

b) maintains;

c) maintained;

d) maintaining.

13. James Joule who … in the 19th century discovered that heat is a type of energy.

a) live;

b) has lived;

c) lived;

d) lives.

14. There … nothing to transfer the energy from the Sun to the Earth.

a) be;

b) being;

c) is;

d) are.

UNIT IІІ. Hydraulics

Exercise 1. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 1.

Division – розділ

hydraulics – гідравліка

hydraulic power – гідроенергія, енергія води

power hydraulics – гідроенергетика

medium – 1) засіб; спосіб; 2) середовище

landing gear – шасі

brakes – гальма

constant – сталий, незмінний

incompressible – що не стискається / не ущільнюється

incompressibility – нестискуваність

at rest – у стані спокою

operating range – радіус дії; робочий цикл

device – пристрій

to be regarded as – розглядатися як, вважатися чимось

volume – об’єм; обсяг

subject – підвладний; що підлягає

piston head – днище поршня

multiply – (по)множити

length – довжина; відстань

safeguard – запобіжний пристрій

expansion – розширення

contraction – стиснення, стискування; ущільнення

thermal relief value – температурний запобіжний клапан

confine – обмежувати

level – рівень

bottom – дно

surface – поверхня

equidistant – що знаходиться на однаковій відстані

exert – чинити (тиск)

take into consideration – брати до уваги, враховувати

friction – тертя

represent – 1) являти собою; становити; бути 2) представляти; репрезентувати

velocity – швидкість

progressively – поступово

pressure differential – перепад тиску

restriction – обмеження

the law of conservation of energy – закон збереження енергії

subtract – віднімати

discharge – виштовхувати, випускати

Exercise 2. Read and translate text 1.

Text 1. Principles of Hydraulics

Hydraulics is a division of the science of fluid mechanics which includes the study of liquids and their physical characteristics, both at rest and in motion. The type of hydraulics applied to aircraft and other aerospace-vehicle systems is called power hydraulics because it involves the application of power through the medium of hydraulics. Among the uses of hydraulic systems in aerospace-vehicle components are the operation of landing gear doors, flight controls, brakes, and a wide variety of other devices requiring high power, quick action, and/or accurate control.

In general, and for practical purposes, liquids are regarded as being incompressible. This means that the volume of a given quantity of a liquid will remain constant even though it is subjected to high pressure. Because of this characteristic, it is easy to determine the volume of hydraulic fluid required to move a piston through its operating range.

The volume of the cylinder through which the piston moves is equal to the area of the piston head multiplied by the length of the cylinder. Because of the relative incompressibility of a liquid, we know that a given output volume from a hydraulic pump will provide an equal volume of fluid at the operating unit.