Передмова (стр. 7 )

availability – available;

heavy – heavily;

recovery – recover – recovered;

exist – existence – existent;

heat – heated – heatedly – heater – hot.

Exercise 47. Work in pairs. Make a question for each answer below with reference to the text. Use the question word given in brackets.

1. Energy is measured in many ways. (How?)

2. Heat is a type of energy. (What?)

3. James Joule lived from 1818 to 1889. (When?)

4. Energy has always existed in one form or another. (What?)

5. Warm air rises because it is lighter. (Why?)

6. It becomes kinetic energy. (What kind?)

7. The directions change during the night time. (When?)

8. We use heat for a lot of things. (What … for?)

Exercise 48. Give antonyms of the words given below.

Light, hot, daytime, outside, safe, progressive, final, empty, absorb, look into, create, turn on.

Exercise 49. Insert prepositions wherever necessary.

1. Street lamps use electrical energy to light our way … night. 2. Energy is measured … joules. 3. English scientist James Joule lived … 1818 … 1889. 4. Ukrainian officials have announced new projects and possibilities of the transit … Caspian oil and gas … EU countries. 5. The pipeline is used … supplying to European markets instead … its operating … the reverse direction. 6. A thousand joules is equal … a British thermal unit. 7. The meeting was held … the beginning of October. 8. Energy can be transformed … another sort of energy. If you stir a pan … soup … the stove … a metal spoon, the spoon will heat up. 9. You should wear light and white clothes … summer. 10. There is a possibility … establishing transit of electricity … Ukraine … Baltic countries.

Exercise 50. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

1. Around the world, scientists measure energy in joules. 2. Nobody can create or destroy energy. 3. One can find energy in a number of different forms. 4. We use the pipeline for supplying oil. 5. Our country will transit electricity to Baltic countries through Belarus. 6. Metals conduct heat energy. 7. Our body uses stored energy to do work. 8. You can easily understand the information. 9. The officials have announced new projects. 10. GUEU consortium is developing the project for gas supplying. 11. We plan to implement the project in three stages.

Exercise 51. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1. James Prescott Joule who lived in the 19th century (discover) that heat is a type of energy. 2. Recently, Ukrainian officials (announce) that a new gas pipeline will transfer Caspian oil and gas to Europe. 3. The volume of gas transit through Ukraine (be) 120 bn cu. m last year. 4. They already (set) transit tariffs through bilateral talks. 5. They (develop) the project under the leadership of the British company. 6. Energy always (exist) in one form or another. 7. Some studies (indicate) that the cost of producing ethanol exceeded the value of the fuel produced. 8. The price of oil (rise) last month. 9. The need for alternatives to gasoline (become) very urgent. 10. The scientists (introduce) technologies for integrating and maximizing the advantages of such energy sources as earth, wind and light.

Exercise 52. Answer the questions on text 4.

1. What forms of energy can be found around us?

2. How is energy measured?

3. What is British thermal unit?

4. What is potential energy?

5. What is kinetic energy?

6. How does heat energy move?

7. What is the definition of a Joule?

8. When does conduction occur?

9. What is convection?

10. What surfaces can absorb radiation?

Exercise 53. Translate into English.

1. Сонячне випромінювання є рушійною силою кругообігу води в природі. 2. Енергія води, або гідроенергія, відноситься до перетвореної енергії сонця. 3. Перетворення сонячної енергії в електричну здійснюється за допомогою сонячних батарей. 4. Темна поверхня поглинає сонячне випромінювання, і, навпаки, світла поверхня відбиває сонячні промені. 5. У березні 2006 року Кабінет Міністрів України затвердив енергетичну стратегію України на період до 2030 року. 6. Учені детально проаналізували статистичні дані споживання паливно-енергетичних ресурсів. 7. Процес перетворення целюлози в етиловий спирт відносно дорогий і неефективний. 8. Людство дуже скоро може витратити запаси вугілля і нафти, які були накопичені у надрах землі протягом сотень мільйонів років. 9. Сонячне світло відбивається або поглинається. 10. Існують різні види енергії: хімічна, електрична, механічна, ядерна та інші. 11. Ми зробили ще дуже мало, аби зменшити нашу залежність від нафти, найбільш ефективного виду палива.

Exercise 54. Discuss the following questions in groups.

1.  Is it possible to heat a space station by radiators?

2.  Why are tyre-covers changed so often during «Formula 1» motor-race?

3.  Which radiators heat better: aluminum or iron?

4.  Why is it cooler near the sea in summer and warmer in winter?

Exercise pose dialogues on «Thermal Energy».

Exercise 56. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 5.

Heat exchanger – теплообмінник

shell and tube heat exchanger – кожухотрубний теплообмінник

medium (pl. media) – середовище

wall – стінка, бар’єр

direct – безпосередній

refrigeration – охолоджування, заморожування

petro-chemical – нафтохімічний

refinery – нафтоочисний завод

arrangement – розміщення; розташування

parallel flow – паралельний потік

counter flow – зворотний потік

cross flow – поперечний потік

roughly – приблизно

resistance – опір

performance – характеристика, продуктивність

fin – радіаторна пластина; ребро

corrugation – рифлення

channel – направляти каналом

induce – викликати; спричиняти; змушувати

turbulence – турбулентність

mean temperature – середня температура

log mean temperature difference – середній логарифм відношення температур

tube – труба

bundle – в’язка, жмут, пучок

plain – плоский, плаский

longitudinal – повздовжній

robust – міцний

take into account – ураховувати

pitch – крок

layout – розміщення

baffle – переборка; дефлектор

wrought iron – пудлінгове залізо

foul (up) – засмічувати(ся), забивати(ся)

scale – накип, окалина

biofouling – утворення біологічного осаду

prevail (over) – отримувати перемогу; справлятися, упоратися

Exercise 57. Read and translate text 5. Divide it into logical parts and write a topical sentence for each part.

Text 5. Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix, or they may be in direct contact. Heat exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, and natural gas processing. One common example of a heat exchanger is the radiator in a car, in which the heat source, being a hot engine-cooling fluid, water, transfers heat to air flowing through the radiator (i. e. the heat transfer medium).

Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. The counter current design is most efficient, it can transfer the most heat from the heat (transfer) medium. In a cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.

For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow through the exchanger. The exchanger performance can also be affected by adding fins or corrugations in one or both directions, which increase surface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence. The temperature across the heat transfer surface varies with position, but an appropriate mean temperature can be defined. In most simple systems this is the log mean temperature difference (LMTD).

Tubular heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc.

Tubular heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30x105 Pa (30 bar) and temperatures greater than 260оC). This is because they are robust due to their shape. There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into account when designing the tubes in heat exchanger. These include:

-  Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered.

-  Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure:

·  there is enough room for corrosion;

·  that flow-induced vibration has resistance.

- Tube length: Heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as physically possible whilst not exceeding production capabilities. However, there are many limitations for this, including the space available at the site where it is going to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in lengths that are twice the required length (so that the tubes can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, it has to be remembered that long, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace.