Передмова (стр. 3 )

Unbalanced forces, high velocity, conduct experiments, slow-moving fluid, inversely related, dynamic pressure, the width of a pipe, curved airfoil, come into contact, keep an airplane aloft.

Exercise 21. Match the antonyms

1) smooth	a) controlled
2) rapid	b) wide
3) chaotic	c) dynamic
4) parallel	d) solid
5) liquid	e) perpendicular
6) static	f) rough
7) narrow	g) slow

Exercise 22. Match the terms in the left column with their definitions in the right column.

Terms	Definitions
1. Gravity	a) gas or liquid substance
2. Statics	b) science of motion and force
3. Fluid	c) force of attraction towards the centre of the earth
4. Mechanics	d) branch of knowledge dealing with bodies remaining at rest or with forces which balance one another
5. Air duct	e) mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and which we breathe
6. Air	f) device in an aircraft for directing a flow of air

Exercise 23. Derive nouns from the following verbs by adding the following suffixes: -ment, -(e)r, -(t)ion, -(s)ion, -age, - y, - ure.

Move, store, distribute, continue, apply, contribute, know, reduce, press, observe, deliver, vary, conclude, conform.

Exercise 24. Translate the following words. Mind that the prefixes dis-, in-, un-, mal-, ir- give the words negative meanings:

dis-: disappear, disadvantage, disproportional, dislike, disconnect;

in-: invisible, indirect, inactive, inadequate;

un-: unusual, uncomfortable, unbalanced, unavailable, unreliable, unconstricted;

mal-: malfunction, maladjusted, maladaptive;

ir-: irregular, irreplaceable, irrational, irrelative.

Exercise 25. Put the verb be into correct form and define its functions. Translate the sentences.

In general there (be) three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. It must (be) considered, whether the flow (be) steady or unsteady. Internal flows (be) characterized by the shape of the duct, the heat transfer through the walls of the duct and internal heat sources. The new engine has (be) tested by engineers. The students (be) to deliver the reports on «Fluid mechanics» tomorrow. A student (be) writing the equations on the blackboard now. Since the width of the narrower pipe (be) smaller, the fluid must move faster. All calculations have (be) done by the engineer. Like any mathematical model of the real world, fluid mechanics makes basic assumption about the materials (be) studied. Pressure and velocity (be) inversely related.

Exercise 26. Turn the following into the Past and Future Simple Active Voice according to the model. Add words indicating past and future moments.

Model: - The students study the topic «Properties of Liquids and Gases» at the first year. -  The students studied the topic «Properties of Liquids and Gases» last year. - The students will study the topic «Properties of Liquids and Gases» next year.

1.When designing piping systems, engineers consider fluid viscosity.

2.Filters clean liquid to prevent contamination of heat exchangers.

3.Slower-moving fluid exerts greater pressure than faster-moving fluid.

4.Scientists use computers in order to solve fluid mechanics problems.

5.Pressure varies continuously from one point to another.

Exercise 27. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Active or Passive tense form. Translate the sentences.

When the diameter of a pipe (reduce), the water (flow) faster. Static pressure (convert) to dynamic pressure, when fluid (begin) to move. The motion of fluid (continue) as long as unbalanced forces (apply). Gas-dynamic control system (find) on high-altitude jet aircraft. Fluids (compose) of molecules that (collide) with one another.

Exercise 28. Rewrite the following sentences in the Passive Voice according to the model.

Model: - Archimedes investigated fluid statics and buoyancy. - Fluid statics and buoyancy were investigated by Archimedes.

A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics, analyzes and simulates fluid flows. Students have studied such properties of fluid flow as density, pressure, temperature and velocity. The equations describe the balance of forces. American physicist William R. Bennett invented the first gas laser in 1960. Any chemical laser uses gas-dynamic processes to increase its efficiency.

Exercise 29. Work in pairs. Arrange the jumbled questions correctly and answer them.

Model: flow, in, why, a, does, river, a, place, narrower, faster? Why does a river flow faster in a narrower place?

unbalanced, is, what, subjected, to, forces? observe, Bernoulli, did, while, what, with, conducting, liquids, experiments? related, are, pressure, inversely, and, velocity? rapid, of, variation, what, is, flow, by, characterized, and, velocity, pressure? static, and, pressure dynamic, does, the, in fluid, the same, remain, sum of? flow, if, why, water, does, the, diameter, faster, is, a, reduced, pipe, of?

Exercise 30. Translate into English.

Якщо діаметр труби зменшується, рідина починає текти швидше. Чим більша швидкість потоку рідини, тим вищий динамічний тиск. Властивості рідин, такі як швидкість, тиск, щільність і температура, враховуються при розрахунках потоку рідини. Рідинний потік рухається швидше у вузькому місці, таким чином однакова маса рідини проходить певну відстань за певний проміжок часу. Тиск рідини і швидкість руху рідини обернено пропорційні – якщо тиск зростає, швидкість зменшується. У циліндричній трубі статичний тиск діє перпендикулярно до поверхні, а динамічний тиск - паралельно.

UNIT II. Thermodynamics. Heat Engineering

Exercise 1. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 1.

Physicist – фізик

define – визначати, давати характеристику

ray – промінь

stream – потік

minute – дрібний, крихітний

particle – частка

state – констатувати, формулювати

retain – утримувати, зберігати

property – властивість

treat – піддавати дії; трактувати(ся); відноситися

verify – перевіряти; підтверджувати

sensible – відчутний, помітний

quality – якість, властивість

gravitational – гравітаційний

emerge (out) – випливати; з’ясовувати(ся)

random – випадковий; безладний

constituent part – складова частина

amalgamate – об’єднувати, сполучати

manifold – 1) різнобічний, різнорідний 2) численний

undergo – зазнавати; переносити

conservation of energy – закон збереження енергії

postulate – приймати без доказів

theorem – теорема

consequence – наслідок

coin – створювати (нові слова)

momentum – імпульс; момент

substance – матерія, речовина

vis viva (lat.) – сила, енергія (застарілий науковий термін для позначення теорії збереження енергії)

caloric – тепловий, калорійний; тепло

caloric energy – теплова енергія

frame of reference – система координат

elastic energy – енергія пружності

light energy – енергія світла

Exercise 2. Read, translate and give the gist of text 1.

Text 1. Thermodynamics. How it started

In physics energy is often defined as the ability to do work or generate heat. The word ‘energy’ derives from Greek energeia, which appears for the first time in the work «Nicomachean Ethics» of Aristotle in the 4th century BC1. In 1021 AD2, the Arabian physicist, Alhazen, in «The Book of Optics», defined light rays as streams of minute energy particles, stating that ‘the smallest parts of light’ retain ‘only properties that can be treated by geometry and verified by experiment’ and that ‘they lack all sensible qualities except energy’. In 1121, Al-Khazini, in «The Book of the Balance of Wisdom», proposed that the gravitational potential energy of a body varies depending on its distance from the centre of the Earth.

The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of ‘vis viva’, which Leibniz defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total ‘vis viva’ was conserved. Leibniz claimed that heat consists of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter. This point of view was shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until it was generally accepted. In 1807, Thomas Young was the first to use the term ‘energy’ instead of ‘vis viva’, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described ‘kinetic energy’ in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term ‘potential energy’. It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. James Prescott Joule, who lived in the 19th century, discovered that heat is a type of energy. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) amalgamated all of these laws into the laws of thermodynamics. The laws are based on the idea of conservation of energy; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is numerical quantity, which does not change when something happens.