Передмова (стр. 8 )

- Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i. e., the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes outside diameter.

- Tube Layout: refers to how tubes are positioned.

Exercise 58. Make attributive word combinations using the words given in columns A and B.

A	B
1)  heat 2)  petrochemical 3)  gas 4)  fluid 5)  mean 6)  direct 7)  natural 8)  tube 9)  spare 10)  petroleum	a)  processing b)  refinery c)  exchanger d)  contact e)  gas f)  bungle g)  parts h)  temperature i)  plant j)  flow

Exercise 59. Give nouns related to the following verbs. Identify suffixes, if any. Translate the pairs.

Transform, measure, generate, attach, exchange, separate, refrigerate, process, arrange, enter, design, perform, add, resist, define.

Exercise 60. Find words in text 5 that can be used both as a noun and a verb. Translate the pairs.

Model: force - to force сила - примушувати

Exercise 61. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions:

for, on, to, in, by, of, between, as.

1. Heated fluid is supplied … boilers. 2. Heat exchangers are used … high pressure applications. 3. Heat exchanger efficiency depends … several thermal design features, such as tube diameter, thickness, length and configuration. 4. The human lungs serve … an efficient heat exchanger due … their large surface area to volume ratio. 5. Heat exchangers occur naturally … the circulation system … fish and whales. 6. Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned … different methods. 7. Heat exchangers are used … many industries. 8. Choosing the right heat exchanger requires some knowledge … the different heat exchanger types. 9. Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat transfer … hot and cold streams.

Exercise 62. Use the proper Active or Passive form of the verbs in brackets.

1. A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that (convert) thermal energy to mechanical work. 2. John Ericsson (develop) an external heated engine. 3. A fire-tube boiler usually (have) a comparatively low rate of steam production, but high steam storage capacity. 4. For much of the Victorian ‘age of steam’, the only material used for boiler making (be) the highest grade wrought iron. 5. The first piston engine (build) in 1697 by Thomas Savery. 6. Recently the company (start) producing spiral heat exchangers. 7. Heat exchangers (use) in industry both for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes. 8. The source of heat for a boiler (be) combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil or natural gas. 9. A variety of companies (start) using water borne oscillation technology to prevent biofouling. 10. Nuclear fission (use) as a heat source for generating steam. 11. Tube diameter and length must (take) into account when designing tubular heat exchangers. 12. Plate heat exchangers usually (make) of aluminum alloys.

Exercise 63. Work in pairs. Make questions for each answer below with reference to text 5.

1. Heat exchangers are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, etc. 2. One common example of a heat exchanger is a car radiator. 3. Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. 4. The countercurrent design is the most efficient. 5. Tubular heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. 6. Plate heat exchangers are usually made of aluminum alloys to provide higher heat transfer. 7. Heat exchangers are widely used for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles. 8. Plate heat exchangers need to be disassembled and cleaned periodically. 9. In commercial aircraft, heat exchangers are used to take heat from the engine oil system to heat cold fuel. 10. The log mean temperature difference is a measure of the effectiveness of the heat exchanger in transferring heat energy.

Exercise 64. Translate into English.

1. Теплообмінники широко використовуються як у промисловості, так і в домашньому господарстві. 2. Конструкція теплообмінника визначається типом рідини та її термодинамічними властивостями. 3. Найпростіша модель теплообмінника складається з двох прямих з’єднаних труб, якими тече рідина певної температури. 4. Теоретично у теплообмінниках повинні використовуватись довгі труби малого діаметру, проте у таких трубах швидко утворюється накип, який важко вичищати. 5. Трубчасті теплообмінники дуже часто застосовують для охолодження газів і рідин на нафтоочисних заводах. 6. Річна вода використовується як охолоджуюча рідина у теплообмінниках. 7. Накип та осад зменшують ефективність процесу теплообміну. 8. На літаках теплообмінники є невід’ємною частиною мастильної системи двигуна.

Exercise 62. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 6.

Large-scale – великомасштабний

waste – марнотрата

waste water – стічна / відпрацьована вода

wine-brewery industry – виноробна промисловість

save – заощаджувати; економити

treatment – оброблення

tailored – розрахований; пристосований

density – густина, щільність

viscosity – в’язкість

otherwise – інакше; а то; а ні, то

digester – автоклав; варильний котел

pollutant – забруднююча речовина

freezing – замерзання; заморожування

evaporate – випаровувати(ся)

condense – конденсувати

incoming – вхідний

distillation – дистиляція, перегонка; ректифікація

anaerobic – анаеробний

distillation tower – дистиляційна / перегінна колона

direct current / uniflow heat exchanger – прямоструминний теплообмінник

steam generator – парогенератор, паровий котел

surface condenser – поверхневий конденсатор

air coil – змійовик

serpentine – змієвидний; змійовик

lungs – легені

artery – артерія

vein – вена

countercurrent heat exchanger – теплообмінник із зустрічними потоками

intertwine – переплітатися

whale – кит

tongue – язик

disassemble – демонтувати

acid – кислота

cross flow heat exchanger – теплообмінник з поперечними / перехресними потоками

sandblasting – піскоструминне очищення

drill rod – бур

purification – очищення

jet – струмінь

Exercise 66. Read and translate text 6.Make up the plan of its key ideas.

Text 6. Industrial application

and maintenance of heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are widely used in industry both for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes, some of which include:

- waste water treatment;

- petroleum industry;

- wine-brewery industry;

- refrigeration system.

The type and size of heat exchanger can be tailored to suit a process depending on the type of fluid, its place, temperature, density, viscosity, pressure, chemical composition and various other thermodynamic properties.

There are three main types of flows in heat exchangers.

1.Countercurrent Flow: both fluids flow in opposite directions, and are used for liquid-liquid heating, condensing and gas cooling applications. Units are usually mounted vertically when condensing vapour and horizontally when condensing high concentrations of solids.

2.Cross Flow: one liquid is in cross flow to another. This type of flow is suitable for handling low density gases.

3.Direct current / Uniflow: both fluids flow in one direction. They are widely used for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes.

In many industrial processes there is waste of energy or heat. Heat exchangers can be used to recover heat and put it to use by heating a different stream in the process. This practice saves a lot of money in industry as the heat supplied to other streams from the heat exchangers would otherwise come from an external source which is more expensive and more harmful to the environment.

In the waste water treatment industry heat exchangers play a vital role in maintaining optimal temperatures within anaerobic digesters so as to stimulate the growth of microbes which remove pollutants from the waste water.

In commercial aircraft heat exchangers are used to take heat from the engine oil system to heat cold fuel. This improves fuel efficiency, as well as reduces the possibility of water freezing.

In addition to heating up or cooling down fluids in just a single phase, heat exchangers can be used either to heat a liquid to evaporate (or boil) it or to cool a vapour and condense it to a liquid. In chemical plants and refineries heat exchangers are used to heat incoming fluid in distillation towers.

Heating and power plants which have steam-driven turbines commonly use heat exchangers to boil water into steam. Heat exchangers or similar for producing steam from water are often called boilers or steam generators.

In the nuclear power plants called pressurized water reactors, special large heat exchanger passes heat from the primary (reactor plant) system to the secondary (steam plant) system, producing steam from water. All fossil-fuelled and nuclear power plants using steam-driven turbines have surface condensers to convert the exhaust steam from the turbines into water for re-use.

One of the widest uses of heat exchangers is for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles. This class of heat exchangers is commonly called air coils, or just coils due to their serpentine internal tubing. In vehicles, heat coils are often called heater cores.

In nature the human lungs also serve as an extremely efficient heat exchanger due to their large surface area to volume ratio.

«Countercurrent» heat exchangers occur naturally in the circulation system of fish and whales. Arteries carrying warm blood are intertwined with veins carrying cold blood to exchange heat with the cold venous blood. This reduces the overall heat loss in cold water. «Heat exchangers» are also present in the tongue of whales as large volumes of water flow through their mouths.