Передмова (стр. 16 )

I am afraid of … We insist on… They are looking forward to … She was accused of … My friends are fond of.. Never object to .. Try to get used to … All people should always prevent from … We should be grateful for … Be proud of …

UNIT V. Gas Transmission System

Exercise 1. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 1.

Source – джерело

resources - ресурси

occupy – займати

determine – визначати

fertile chernozem soils – родючий чорнозем

trade route – торговельний шлях

access – підхід; доступ

in terms of – з точки зору; що стосується

intertwine – переплітати(ся)

iron – залізо, чорний метал (залізо, сталь, чавун)

manganese – марганець

titanium – титан

ore – руда

rock salt – кам’яна сіль

gypsum – гіпс

clay – глина, глинозем

bromine – бром

graphite – графіт

mercury – ртуть

uranium – уран

deposit – родовище, поклад; відкладати(ся)

ammonium – амоній

magnesium – магній

estimate – оцінювати

fuel oil – паливна нафта

field – родовище; галузь, сфера діяльності

demand – потреба, вимога; потребувати

bearing region – регіон, збагачений копалинами

peat – торф; торф’яний

shale oil – сланцеве масло

discover – виявляти, відкривати, знаходити

chronic – хромовий

onshore – на березі

recoverable – відновлений

exceed – перевищувати

via – через

number (among) – зараховувати / залічувати (до)

deliver – постачати

share – частка

consumption – споживання

account (for) – становити

supply – постачання; постачати

consumer – споживач

billion cubic meter (bcm) – мільярд кубічних метрів

hydrocarbon – вуглеводень

crude – сировинний, необроблений

petroleum – нафта; нафтовий

juncture – вузол; з’єднання

market – ринок

uneven – нерівномірний

distribution – розподіл

network – мережа

comprise – містити, вміщувати

transmission – транспортування

off-shore area – шельф (моря)

capacity – номінальна потужність; продуктивність; пропускна здатність

oil refinery – нафтопереробний завод

work – завод

mutually beneficial – взаємовигідний

related to – пов’язаний з

ensure – забезпечувати

reliable – надійний

joint – спільний

strengthening – посилення, укріплення

safety – безпека

Exercise 2. Read, translate and give the gist of text 1.

Text 1. Mineral and Fuel Energy Resources

Ukraine is rich in various mineral resources. It completely satisfies its needs in iron, manganese and titanium ores, as well as rock salt, cement, gypsum, mineral paints, heat resistant clays, bromine, graphite, mercury and uranium. Deposits of ammonium, nickel, polymetallic and magnesium ores were discovered and developed industrially. These resources can be exported.

Donbass is a major coal base of Ukraine. Its deposits are estimated at 109 billion tons. Oil and natural gas are concentrated in Dniprovsko-Donetskiy (80%) and Prychornomorsko-Krymskiy oil and gas bearing regions. Ukraine covers 10-15% in its own oil demand and 25% in gas demand. 3 billion tons of peat and shale oil have been discovered.

Iron ores are deposited in Kryvorizkiy (18.7 bln. tons), Kremenchutskiy (4.5 bln. tons), Bilozerskiy (2.5 bln. tons) and Kerchenskiy (1.8 bln. tons) iron ore basins. World’s largest manganese ore deposits are located in Nikopolskiy basin. Iron and manganese ore deposits in the Kryvyi Rih Basin and the Nikopol Basin are considered the richest in the world. Nickel, chromite, titanic, mercury (2nd in the world), polymetallic ore deposits are estimated as significant. Over 15 deposits of gold have been discovered in recent years. There are 9 fields in the aquatorium of the Azov and Black Seas, including 2 gas condensate fields, 6 gas fields and 1 oil field.

Ukraine has deep-seated traditions in the field of oil and natural gas production and utilization. Oil production began here as far back as in the 18th century, reaching 2 million tons per year at the beginning of the 20th century and exceeding 14 million tons per year in mercial gas production in Ukraine dates back to 1924, reaching its peak of 68.7 billion cubic meters in the 70s of the past century.

Ukraine was the first country in the world that initiated natural gas exports. This was in 1945 with natural gas deliveries to Poland. In 1967 Ukrainian gas began to be exported to Czechoslovakia, and later on, to Australia. Oil transit to Czechoslovakia via Ukraine began in 1962.

Presently oil and gas share in the total balance of primary energy consumption in Ukraine accounts for 60 %. The priority energy supply is natural gas, making up to 41 % - 43 % in the energy balance over recent years.

Covering only 24 % to 27 % of natural gas demand and 10% to 12% of oil demand by domestic production, Ukraine is numbered among the countries with shortage of home natural hydrocarbon resources.

With gas consumption registered at 118.1 bcm in 1991 Ukraine was the third world’s biggest gas consumer left behind only by the US and Russia. Use of natural gas decreased by more than one third over the last decade totaling 73.9 bcm in 2009.

By now Ukraine has become a major juncture in the transit of gas and oil from Russia and Kazakhstan to European markets. The expected increase in consumption of natural hydrocarbon resources, as well as their uneven distribution makes Ukraine, owing to its suitable geographical location and its developed gas and oil network, an ‘energy bridge’ between the exporting countries and consumers in the industrialized Europe.

The today’s Ukrainian oil and gas sector comprises well-equipped oil and gas transmission and production companies whose activities extend to the Black Sea and Sea of Azov off-shore areas, 6 high-capacity oil refineries, tube works that produce wide range of pipes for the oil and gas sectors, design and research institutes and specialized construction and service companies.

Ukraine is interested in the implementation of mutually beneficial international projects related to ensuring reliable operation of oil and gas transmission systems, joint development of world hydrocarbon resources and strengthening European energy safety.

Exercise 3. Identify (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c) verbal forms, (d) adverbs. Name the word-forming suffixes, if any.

Borderline, historically, development, developed, determined, remarkably, geographical, cross-road, connected, considerable, significance, significant, various, satisfy, polymetallic, industrially, exported, production, consumption, shortage, natural, network, industrialized, well-equipped, transmission, capacity, implementation, mutually, beneficial, reliable, safety, mineral, railroad, discover, estimated, concentrated, cover, resistant, deposited, deep-seated, commercial, strengthening, juncture, distribution, domestic, consumer.

Exercise 4. Write derivatives of the following verbs, consult a dictionary if necessary. Translate the derivative chains.

Develop, determine, produce, implement, transmit, remark, connect, estimate, concentrate, resist, deposit, export, deliver, consume, distribute, strengthen, occupy, construct, decrease, discover, locate.

Exercise 5. Write adjectives related to the following words. Name the suffixes used to form adjectives. Translate the pairs.

Geography, history, remark, resist, consider, signify, industry, benefit, rely, vary, polymetal, convenience, nature, join, act, commerce, suit, base, nation, recover.

Exercise 6. Write verbs related to the following nouns. Translate the pairs.

Significance, development, location, production, utilization, consumption, distribution, transmission, refinery, construction, implementation, operation, delivery, determination, discovery, provision, equipment, variety, difference, reliability, safety, specialization, occupation, relation, presence.

Exercise 7. Translate and remember the words that are used both as verbs and as nouns.

To deposit – deposit, to demand – demand, to increase – increase, to export – export, to share – share, to supply – supply, to Accountaccount, to trade – trade, to balance – balance, to pipeline – pipeline, to exchange – exchange, to position – position, to number – number, to pipe – pipe, to oil – oil, to work – work, to date – date, to base – base.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the following international words without a dictionary. Mind the difference in their pronunciation and meanings in English and Ukrainian.

Basin, territory, kilometer, cement, commercial, shelf, million, gas, ton, condensate, tradition, utilization, hydrocarbon, industry, company, chernozem, factor, nickel, peak, cubic, geographical, transmission, satisfaction, actual, natural, mineral, concentration, metal.

Exercise 9. Translate and comment upon the following grammar forms.

Occupies, determined, has, are, connected, satisfies, were discovered and developed, was produced, are estimated, have been discovered, are concentrated, are deposited, are located, began, was, to be exported, accounts, has decreased, has set, has become, makes, comprises, extend, is interested, related to.

Exercise 10. Translate the following word combinations into English (a), into Ukrainian (b).

a) географічне положення; торговельні шляхи; торговельний обмін; нафтові та газопроводи; поклад; джерело; природний газ; потреба у нафті; руда; виробництво газу; комерційне виробництво нафти; споживання енергії; внутрішнє виробництво; споживач газу; сировинна нафта; нафтопродукт; транспортування нафти та газу; нерівномірний розподіл; транспортні та виробничі компанії; газотранспортна система; енергетична безпека; нафтоочисний завод;

b) fertile chernozem soil; cross-roads; mineral resources; onshore, off-shore areas; manganese and titanium ores; rock salt; iron; million cubic metres; deep-seated tradition; via Ukraine; oil and gas share; natural hydrocarbon resources; gas and oil network; energy bridge; well-equipped company; high-capacity refineries; tube works; service company; reliable operation; strengthening safety.

Exercise 11. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Name them. Translate the sentences.

1. There are 9 fields in the aquatorium of the Azov and Black Seas, (to include) 2 gas condensate fields, 6 gas fields and 1 oilfield. 2. Oil production began in 18th century, (to reach) 2 million tons per year at the (to begin) of the 20th century and (to exceed) 14 million tons per year in 1974. 3. (To cover) only 24% to 27% of natural gas demand and 10% to 12% of oil demand by domestic production, Ukraine (to number) among the countries with shortage of home natural hydrocarbon resources. 4. With gas consumption (to register) at 118,1 bcm in 1991 Ukraine was the third world’s biggest consumer. 5. The (to expect) increase in consumption of natural hydrocarbon resources makes Ukraine, (to owe) to its suitable geographical location and its (to develop) gas and oil network, an «energy bridge» between the (to export) countries and consumers. 6. The today’s Ukrainian oil and gas sector (to comprise) well-(to equip) oil and gas transmission and production companies. 7. Ukraine is interested in the implementation of mutually beneficial international projects (to relate) to (to ensure) reliable operation of oil and gas transmission systems, joint development of world hydrocarbon resources and (to strengthen) European energy safety.