Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigations reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
In construction, the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is the governmental agency or subagency which regulates the construction process. In most cases, this is the municipality in which the building is located.
During the planning of a building, the zoning and planning boards of the AHJ will review the overall compliance of the proposed building with the municipal General Plan and zoning regulations. Once the proposed building has been approved, detailed civil, architectural, and structural plans must be submitted to the municipal building department (and sometimes the public works department) to determine compliance with the building code and sometimes for fit with existing infrastructure. Often, the municipal fire department will review the plans for compliance with fire-safety ordinances and regulations.
During the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued.
An operating building must remain in compliance with the fire code. The fire code is enforced by the local fire department.
Any changes made to a building including its use, expansion, its structural integrity, and fire protection items, require acceptance by the AHJ. Anything affecting basic safety functions, no matter how small they may appear, may require the owner to apply for a building permit, to ensure proper review of the contemplated changes against the building code.
Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component. Owners of these projects are usually large, for-profit, industrial corporations. These corporations can be found in such industries as medicine, petroleum, chemical, power generation, manufacturing, etc. Processes in these industries require highly specialized expertise in planning, design, and construction. As in building and heavy/highway construction, this type of construction requires a team of individuals to ensure a successful project.
9.3 Match English and Russian equivalents
complete the physical task of construction | контролируемый руководителем проекта |
supervised by the project manager | мелкий ремонт, реконструкция |
skilled tradesmen | экологические последствия |
project effective planning | эффективное планирование преекта |
environmental impact | успешное планирование |
small renovations | техника безопасности на стройплощадке |
successful scheduling | квалифицированные рабочие |
site safety | |
real property | целостность конструкции |
fire protection items | строительство зданий |
fire code | строительные нормы и правила |
regulations | положительный результат |
a positive outcome | нормативные документы |
building code | нормы пожарной безопасности |
structural integrity | противопожарные меры |
building construction | недвижимое имущество |
industrial construction | выполнение физической работы |
9.4 Re-read the text to find the answers to these questions
What does the term “construction” mean?
Who is the job of construction managed and supervised by?
Who completes the physical task of construction?
What factors must project effective planning consider in the design and execution of the infrastructure?
What authority regulates the construction process?
Who can act as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project and why?
Who inspects the building during the construction of a building?
Why must construction adhere to the approved plans and the local building code?
What are the main features of industrial construction?
9.5 Complete the sentences with the information from the text and translate them into Russian
Construction in project architecture and civil engineering means …
Building construction is____.
The vast majority of building construction projects are ________.
All building construction projects include __________.
Detailed civil, architectural, and structural plans must be submitted to _____.
The fire code is enforced by _______.
_________ compliance with fire-safety ordinances and regulations.
_________ in fact construction is a feat of multitasking.
The municipal fire department will review __________ .
9.6 Read outloud and translate the following words
logistics, project architecture, infrastructure, inspector, a final inspection, functions, municipal General Plan, tender documents, structural collapse, industrial corporations, component, processes, expertise
9.7 Complete the phrases with necessary prepositions
remain … compliance …, changes … the building code, managed … the construction manager, work … offices, a large number … laborers, adhere … the approved plans, to apply … a building permit, acts … laborer, the process … adding structure … real property
9.8 Study the text again and match the terms A with the definitions B using a dictionary
A B
collapse | an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed |
assembly | (of a structure) fall down or in; give way |
construction | The assembly of a machine, device, or object is the process of fitting its different parts together. |
zone | an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength |
planning | the building of something, typically a large structure |
feat | a person who uses scientific knowledge to design, construct, and maintain engines and machines or structures such as roads, railways, and bridges. |
site | the process of deciding in detail how to do something before you actually start to do it. |
engineer | an area that has particular features or characteristics. |
9.10 Translate the sentences
The roof collapsed on top of me. He became a carpenter on a building site. For the rest of the day, he worked on the assembly of an explosive device. The company failed because of cost overruns and probable fraud. There was a skyscraper under construction. With multitasking, the scheduler divides time into execution units called system ticks. The new system is still in the planning stages. Local zoning laws prohibit building near property lines. The house requires painting.
9.10 Re-read the text to find 9 word-combinations with the word “construction” and translate them into Russian.
9.11 Make up as many word-combinations with the word “building” as possible and use them in the sentences of your own
10 ECONOMY
10.1 Study the list of terms
to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы scarce resources - ограниченные, скудные ресурсы scarcity - дефицит to satisfy unlimited wants - удовлетворять неограниченные потребности competing uses - конкурирующие сферы использования to be of great significance - иметь большое значение commodity (syn. good) - товар, предмет широкого потребления modern economy - современная экономика oil and its derivatives - нефть и нефтепроизводные to provide fuel for beating and transport - обеспечивать топливом системы теплоснабжения и транспорт basic inputs-основные составляющие to range from... to - от... до... plastic utensils - изделия из пластика polyester clothing - одежда из синтетических тканей to increase steadily - постоянно увеличиваться increase - увеличение over much of this period - большая часть этого периода comparison with (syn. as compared with) - по сравнению с on the assumption of - исходя из предположения (допущения) abundant oil - нефть, имеющаяся в изобилии, избытке an abrupt change - резкое изменение oil-producing nations - страны, производящие нефть to be located in - располагаться в to belong to - принадлежать OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) - ОПЕК (Организация стран-экспортеров нефти) to raise the price - повышать цену to encourage consumers - побуждать, поощрять потребителей to economize on its use - экономить на использовании to forecast correctly - правильно прогнозировать cutbacks in quantity demanded - сокращения требуемого количества to be dependent on oil - быть зависимым от нефти to be available (syn. to be in stock; ant. to be out of stock) - иметься в наличии potential substitutes - потенциальные (возможные) заменители to anticipate - предсказывать, предвидеть, прогнозировать substantial price increase - существенное, значительное повышение цен to lead (led, led) to (syn. to cause, to entail, to result in) привести к reduction in sales - сокращение продаж to be profitable for - быть прибыльным, выгодным OPEC members - страны - члены ОПЕК to quote prices in US dollars per barrel - назначать, котировать цены в долларах США за баррель to triple ['tripl] - возрастать в три раза, утраивать | a gradual rise - постепенное увеличение sharp, dramatic increase - резкое повышение to take by surprise - застать врасплох upheaval - переворот to inflict upheaval on the world economy - наносить удар по (причинять ущерб) мировой экономике to respond to prices - реагировать на цены a producer - производитель to determine what, how and for idiom to produce - определять что, как и для кого производить to increase six-fold - возрастать в шесть раз oil-based products - нефтепродукты artificial substitutes for petroleum - искусственные заменители бензина production processes - производственные процессы fuel-efficient aircraft - самолет с экономичным расходом топлива oil-intensive products - продукты е высоким содержанием нефти switch to - переключиться на commuters - жители пригорода, регулярно приезжающие в город на работу или учебу car-pools - группа людей, договорившихся по очереди обслуживать друг друга автомашиной to choke off the demand - задушить спрос substitute commodities - товары-заменители to bid up the price - наращивать цену to encourage production - стимулировать производство to contemplate solar energy - рассматривать (обдумывать) вопрос об использовании солнечной энергии to reflect a shift away from... towards (to)... - отражать переход (смену, замену) от... к... OPEC revenues - доходы стран - членов ОПЕК oil-importing nations - страны, импортирующие нефть to give up the production - отказаться (прекратить) от производства in exchange for - в обмен на the buying (syn. purchasing, spending) power - покупательная способность an intricate interconnected system - сложная взаимосвязанная система a disturbance - нарушение равновесия, отклонение, срыв to ripple throughout the entire economy - прокатиться волной через всю экономику some activities expanded/contracted - некоторые виды деятельности расширились/сократились to pay higher wages to attract the extra labour - платить более высокую зарплату для привлечения дополнительной рабочей силы to renew - восстанавливать, возобновлять demand for - спрос на to secure wage increases - добиваться повышения зарплаты price slump - резкое снижение цен to persist - сохраняться, продолжать существовать to exceed – превышать the available supply - имеющееся предложение |
10.2 Read the text
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