ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (стр. 10 )

3. When observing the physical structure we are struck by the complexity of elements.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 2.

1. Parts of a building made at the plant are called prefabricated parts.

2. The coarse stones used in the mixture give the concrete its strength.

Text 11: FlatsintheClouds

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Blocks of “ high rise” flats have been erected in large numbers in London and in many other big cities. Just after the Second World War there immense twenty – to – thirty storeys building, hundreds of feet in height were thought to be the ideal solution to the dual problem of acute housing shortage and lack of space in urban areas. At first, the ultra – modern apartments were must sought after by city – dwellers, and hundreds of the vast blocks had been built before anyone began to doubt that they were suitable places for people, children especially, to live in. A well known British architect, who personally designed many of these buildings, now believes that they may well have inflicted a great deal of suffering on those people who have been housed in them, and evidence has been amassed by sociologists which suggests that sever loneliness and deep depression are brought about by life within these great towers. Some psychologists even maintain that unduly large proportion of their inhabitants suffer from mental disorders and develop criminal tendencies. As a result of the recent studies, plans for new high – rise brocks are being scrapped. They are going to be replaced by so – called “ low – rise” blocks, at most six – storeys high.

Grammarexercises

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle.

1. When making the design of a town we should bear in mind future development.

2. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must be calculated after which work on the building can start.

3. We know that the main reason of the Tacoma Bridge failure was its extreme flexibility, resulting from aerodynamic instability.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle 1.

1. Later, people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stone.

2. When mixed with water and sand, clay is molded into bricks, which are then dried and baked.

3. Frequently, the conditioning air systems installed in office building provide control during winter and summer.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.

1. The larger building has an area of 300 m and the smaller – 250 m, width being the same for both.

2. The bricks having been dried in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof.

3. The buildings are similar in outward appearance, the difference in size being due to the needs of the Signal and Telecommunication Department for more or less space.

Text 12: BritishHomes

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The majority of the British population live in small houses built close together. A typical house of this kind is built with two floors.

The front door, which faces the street, opens into a hall with two rooms, one on each side of the hall. One of them is the dining – room; the other may be called the sitting – room or the living – room. The most modern name for this room is the lounge.

The rooms upstairs are bedrooms; they are often very small.

Often the dining – room is the most comfortable room in the house, and the one that is used all the time. The other members of the family bring their hobbies and games to the table. But when the television set is turned on, no one can do anything in the dining – room.

Very many houses of this type were built in British cities in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Today the land on which they stand has become very valuable and the owners either sell it or pull down the old houses and build large blocks of flats. In this way the owners make more money.

Exercises

1.Выпишите из текста ответы на следующие вопросы:

a) Where do the majority of the British population live in? b) What are the other names of the room called “ lounge”? c) When were many British houses built?

2.Кратко расскажите, что вы узнали об английском жилом доме.

Text 13: Ottawa – Canada`s Capital City

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located on the southern bank of the Ottawa River. Many interesting historical and cultural building are found in Ottawa, such as the Museum of Natural History, Museum of Man, National Gallery and the National Arts Centre. However, the most important buildings in Ottawa are the Parliament Buildings. Here the Canadian federal government discusses and makes laws for Canada. Red stripes and a red maple leaf on a white-the state flag of Canada- is always above the buildings when the Parliament is in session.

Ottawa has been called the Tulip City, because every spring the city comes alive with thousands of tulips from the Netherlands. Queen Juliana started sending 15,000 tulips a year to Ottawa in 1946 as a way of thanking the Canadian people for the time she spent in Canada with her daughters during World War II.

Juliana stayed in Ottawa with her family from 1940 to 1945 after the Netherlands was invaded by the fascist Germany.

Discussion.I all cities of the world there are some very old buildings. Sooner or later they have to be pulled down or reconstructed. In Moscow and St. Petersburg and other towns some parts of the old town are reconstructed and carefully preserved. In some others all old buildings are pulled down and modern comfortable structures of concrete and glass are being built. In Warsaw, for example, many buildings destroyed during the World War II were reconstructed and now they look as they did before the war. Do you thing it is necessary to reconstruct old buildings or pull them down?

Прочитайте список утверждений «за» и «против» и обсудите каждый, затем выскажите окончательное решение.

Is it necessary to reconstruct old buildings?

Pros (for)Cons (against)

1. Old buildings are historic monuments. 1. Old buildings are not comfortable,

they have no necessary conveniences.

2. It is much cheaper to reconstruct old 2. The process of reconstruction takes

buildings than to build new ones. a lot of time and needs qualified

workers.

3. The architecture of old buildings is much 3. There is no place to build new

more beautiful than that of modern buildings. houses.

Unit 4

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF BIG CITIES

Text 1: Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities

Of the greatest problems of all modern cities is the environmental pollution. The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort of fog mixed with other substances. Smog has been here a long time. Billions of years ago, volcanoes sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped up dust clouds. Animal and vegetable matter decayed, adding polluting gases.

When people came along, they began to produce their own kind of air pollution. They discovered fire. In the Middle Ages people in cities such as London used soft coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires, combined with moisture in the air, produced dense layers of smog. The smog would blanket the city for days, particularly in winter. The heat generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome-like shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.

Smog, and the chemicals and other substances in it, can be harmful, even deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the throat, and the lungs. Eyes water, throats get sore, people cough. Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick people sicker. Air pollution has been linked to eczema, asthma, emphysema, cardiovascular difficulties, and lung and stomach cancer. It also has a harmful effect on the environment. Food crops and animals suffer. Paint may peel from houses. It is obvious that we must do everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants and smog.

Smog, along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of atmospheric pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not visible and may not become visible until it is mixed with moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons (unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide, and other gases may pollute the air without being seen. All air is polluted to some extent. That is, all air carries have some polluting substances. Much of it is natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred up by the wind, compound given off by rotting animal and vegetable matter, salt particles from the oceans, and so on. Man adds to these pollutants by burning coal, oil gas, gasoline and many other things.

Text 2: The Role of Automobile in Air Pollution

Before we get to the automobile, however, let us review what we know about combustion. Most fuels, such as coal, gasoline, and wood, contain hydrogen and carbon in various chemical combinations. During combustion, oxygen unites with the hydrogen and carbon to form water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

In addition, many fuels contain sulfur, this burns to produce sulfur oxides. Also, in the heat of combustion, some of the nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to from nitrogen oxides (NOx). Some of the fuel may not burn completely, so that smoke and ash are formed. Smoke is simply particles of unburned fuel and soot, called particulates, mixed with air.