ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (стр. 16 )

Check Yourself

Вариант 3

1.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.  This railway station is much more beautiful than that one.

2.  It is well known that most of the metro stations are furnished with granite and marble.

3.  It is the application of prefabricated parts that enables the civil engineers considerably reduce the initial cost of railway electrification.

2.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  Another purpose of a town plan is to show the principal road system connecting various zones together.

2.  The type of piles to be used depends upon the soil composition.

3.  The task of an architect is to make plans, whereas the task of an engineer is to build according to those plans.

3.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1.  Wide application of prefabricated systems is likely to increase because such system has obvious advantages of flexibility and quick assembly.

2.  Builders know the concrete to be pre-heated to +15SYMBOL 176 \f «Symbol» \s 14°, +25SYMBOL 176 \f «Symbol» \s 14° using water or steam in thermos method.

3.  The designing of a station building is known to be a complicated job.

4.  Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Rome

The Romans took nearly all the architectural ideas and decorative motifs of Greek buildings.

As builders and creators of great arches and domes, the Romans developed their own distinctive style. As constructional engineers they surpassed the Greeks.

Greek domestic architecture was based on the simples: a square room with a fireplace in the middle, a smaller undecorated structure in front, a colonnaded courtyard leading off to rooms without windows.

Roman architects had a considerable range of building types to erect: temples, huge meeting halls, theatres, palaces, aqueducts and baths. The arch was the universal motif used for the most insignificant doorway and for great triumphal arches commemorating major political events alike.

In Roman times, any large-scale public building – public concourse, covered market or warehouse was called a basilica. Today the work is used only for a certain kind of church, the interior of which is split into three of five naves with rows of supporting columns. The side naves are always lower than the main central ones.

Check Yourself

Вариант 4

1.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.  It is well known that nowadays the problem of maintaining station buildings has been greatly facilitated.

2.  He is one of the most experienced builders.

3.  The buildings that were destroyed during the war were reconstructed.

2.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual.

2.  To make the concrete resistant to bending, engineers reinforce it.

3.  The bridge to span this river is to carry road traffic.

3.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1.  Civil engineering is claimed to be the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man.

2.  People consider both Romans and Greeks to have been great builders.

3.  The engineer expected the work to be done in time.

4.  Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Offices

The office as a distinctive type is a late 19-th century phenomenon. Before that time it was unusual for a building to be designed especially for office use. However, as manufacturing changed from a craft to an industrial base, there was a great demand for administrative control and the keeping of records, and the office function grew rapidly. As organizations became more complex and the amount of transactions multiplied toward the end of the 19-th century the demand for specially designed office space increased.

By the end of the 19-th centurya further concentration of office building took place: in London between 1867 and 1886 new «office streets» such as Victoria Street were constructed.

The 19-th century office was a small room where only three or four clerks might work. As industry and business developed, these types of offices were superseded by the «general office». It housed up to 100 clerks in large, often toilet rooms surrounded by small individual rooms for managers.

Check Yourself

Вариант 5

1.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. Gothic was one of the most widespread styles in Europe.

2.  It is well known that nowadays various machines have replaced hard manual labour.

1.  This station is more architecturally remarkable than that one.

1.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  In order to choose the site for construction thorough surveys are usually made.

2.  The Orland Bridge to be constructed in Sweden is expected to be the longest in Europe.

3.  The purpose of the bridge is to provide the link between two islands.

2.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1.  The most important building materials are considered to be structural steel and concrete.

2.  England is said to be the land of late Gothic.

3.  We expected him to be a good engineer.

4.  Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Cement

An English patent granted in 1824 to Joseph Aspdin marked the formal entry of Portland cement into the construction trades. Aspdin called it «Portland cement» because its color was identical with a certain kind of stone found near Portland, England. The cement is made of a powered mixture derived from limestone, cement rock, oyster shells, clay, iron ore, shale, sand and marl. Other ingredients are often added to make special types of cement for certain conditions. One beautiful type is white porcelain cement – a snowy white substance used for striking architectural effects. A type important to northern builders is air-entrained Portland cement which has the ability to form millions of tiny bubbles of air in the concrete or mortar mass, making it more flexible in freeze-thaw conditions. Air-entrained concrete and mortar are resistant to the salt and chemicals used for melting snow and ice, and they are easier to work with a trowel. If you live in the north, air-entrained cement is the only kind to use.