ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (стр. 15 )

3. Cement has a capacity of hardening into a rocklike mass.

4. Brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion of fine sand.

5. The presence of sand decreases its tendency to crack during drying.

6. A liquid flows around the unfused particles cementing them together.

3. Словообразование.Переведите производные слова:

Tomix (смешивать) – mixture; hard (твердый) – toharden; low (низкий) – tolower = to decrease; todry (высыхать) – drying – driedmaterial; tofuse (плавиться) – fusible – unfused;tovitrify (превращаться в стекловидное вещество) – completelyvitrified; tocrash(крошить) – crashedstone.

After – textexercises

4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:

1.What are the most important building materials?

2. What are they used for?

3. What is concrete made of?

4. Is cement the most important component of concrete?

5. What is mortar?

6. What are building bricks made of?

7. How does the presence of fine sand affect the raw material?

8. What new and modern building materials are in usenowadays?

Text 8: Cement

Прочитайте текст, выпишите из текста предложения, в которых раскрываются следующие утверждения: 1. название цемента связано с местом, где он был найден; 2. цемент представляет собой смесь определённых ингредиентов; 3. белоснежный цемент используется для архитектурных эффектов; 4. обогащённый воздухом цемент защищает от холода.

An English patent grantedin 1824 toJoseph Aspdinmarkedtheformalentry of Portlandcement intotheconstructiontrades. Aspdin called it “Portlandcement”, because its color was identicalwith a certain kind of stone found near Portland, England. The cement is made of a powered mixture derive from limestone, cement rock, oyster shells, clay, iron ore, shale, sand and marl. Other ingredients are often added to make special types of cement for certain conditions. One beautiful type is white porcelain cement – a snowy white substance used for striking architectural effects. A type important to northern builders is air – entrained Portland cement which has the ability to from millions of tiny bubbles of air in the concrete or mortal mass, making it more flexible in freeze – thaw conditions. Air – entrained concrete and mortal are resistant to the salt and chemicals used for melting snow and ice, and they are easier to work with a towel. If you live in the north, air – entrained cement is the only kind to use.

Text 9: Construction and New Steel Products

Прочитайте тексты и расскажите, какие новые технологии появились в строительстве зданий и сооружений.

White the trend toward structures of increasing size, the construction industry is emphasizing high strength and low cost when specifying materials, along with effectiveness in shortening the construction term. The importance of corrosion resistance has risen with the increase in construction project in coastal district and offshore and good weathering performance is in great demand for all construction materials. In this field, durability takes priority over low initial cost. A variety ofsteel materials have been developed to satisfy today’s construction needs.

In many cities building construction plants have mastered production of perlite- concrete blocks. Perlite is an excellent building material, which is especially valuable as a thermo - insulating filter. It is obtained from natural rock.

Notes: trend –тенденция, направление; toemphasize–делать упор на; toshorten –укорачивать, уменьшать; coastal –прибрежный; toweather –выдерживать погодные условия; totakepriority –быть более важным; perlite-перлит.

Steel Fiber

Steel fiber for reinforcing concrete is another recent innovation. Its flat shape gives this fiber a large effective surface for good adhesion to concrete. Mixed into concrete in a ratio of 1-2 per cent by volume, it remarkably improves the bending strength, tensile strength and impact strength of the concrete. It has already proved its usefulness in the construction of roads, runways, and floor slabs for bridges and tunnels.

Specialists have designed a block of flats which is earthquake – proof. It consists of a reinforced concrete prefabricated frame and panels with metal cores. The designers have found an original method of assembling the components so that the finished structure can withstand seismic ch a block weighs only two-fifth of a brick one.

Notes:fiber – волокно;toreinforce– армировать, укреплять;recent –недавний;adhesion –сцепление;inaratio –в соотношении; floorslabs - плиты покрытия

Unit 6

Check Yourself

Вариант 1

1.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.  These is no need to say that all the buildings must be strong and attractive.

2.  The Kursky terminal is one of the largest and the most comfortable railway stations in Europe.

3.  It was in 1891 that the building of the world’s longest Trans-Siberian railway began.

2.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  Another tendency in the field of civil engineering was to replace hard manual labour by machines.

2.  In Washington, efforts by builders to raise a height limit of 130 feet were unsuccessful.

3.  To speed up the construction work there is a growing tendency to use prefabrication parts of buildings.

3.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1.  Engineers believe tall buildings to rise to 200 stories or more.

2.  A building’s framework is as likely to be of reinforced concrete as of structural steel.

3.  The design of the present Yaroslavsky station is known to be based on the motifs of northern Russia folklore.

4.  Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

History of the Houses

History of the houses can be divided into some stages, such as primitive houses, Egypt period, Greek period, Roman period, etc.

First people lived in caves, tents, huts or earthen houses. Basic building materials were wood and stone.

An important peculiarity of Egyptian houses was a flat roof. Egyptians built many monuments, sphinxes, pyramids and columns. Construction required many workers, large expenses and a lot of time.

Greek improved Egypt’s architecture. The roofs of their houses were slanting.

Romans made architecture more various and beautiful. They decorated their houses improving columns and arches.

In the Middle Ages in Europe many castled and fortresses were built. They defended population from enemy.

In the Renaissance many beautiful houses, especially palaces and cathedrals were built. Classic forms returned into architecture.

In the 19-th century new materials, such as steel and iron began to be used.

In the 20-th century appeared new techniques, materials and building methods. Many high beautiful buildings were built.

Check Yourself

Вариант 2

1.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1.  It is know that a new building of the Kursky railway station in Moscow was erected in 1972.

2.  Concrete is one of the most important construction materials.

3.  The floor of that house was covered with wood.

2.  Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.  Work on heavy foundations requires excavators, heavy cranes, pumps and pilling equipment (оборудование для забивки свай)to be extensively used.

2.  As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the upper stories to balance it.

3.  The quantity of factory work on the building components is highly increased so as to reduce the cost and improve the quality and speed of construction.

3.  Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.

1.  New and cheap building materials are believed to replace traditional stone and brick.

2.  Steel, aluminum, glass and plastics are considered to be the best materials.

3.  We know them to have used arches in their buildings.

4.  Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Egyptian pyramids

There were many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in various parts of the world.

The older monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egуpt most of which were constructed about 6000 years ago.

The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kinds. The pyramids tell us about the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days.

It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.

The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.

Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52000 square meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».