ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (стр. 11 )

Altogether, it is estimated that 200 million tons of man-made pollutants enter the air every year in the United States alone. This is about a ton for every man, woman, and child in the country!

This man-made pollution is what clean-air laws are aimed at.

Text 3: Ecological Problems of Los Angeles

Consider Los Angeles, a large city set in a basin, with about 7,000,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains, and on the fourth by the Pacific Ocean. When the wind blows out over the ocean, it sweeps away pollutants. But at other times, the air is stagnant. Smoke and other pollutants from industry and automobiles do not blow away. They just build up into a thick, smelly, foggy layer of smog. The location of Los Angeles, plus all the people and industry there, make it one the biggest «smog centers» in the country. And it is Los Angeles which has led in measures to reduce smog.

Los Angeles has banned unrestricted burning, for example, burning trash. Incinerators without pollution controls were outlawed. Industry was forced to change combustion processes and add controls to reduce pollutants coming from their chimneys. Laws were passed that required the addition of emission controls on automobiles. All these measures have significantly reduced atmospheric pollution in the Los Angeles area.

If not controlled, the automobile can give off pollutants from four places. Pollutants can come from the fuel tank, the carburetor, the crank-case, and the tail pipe. Pollutants from the fuel tank and carburetor consist of gasoline vapors. Pollutants from the crankcase consist of partly burned air-fuel mixture that has blown by the piston rings. Pollutants from the tail pipe consist of partly burned gasoline (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and – if there is sulfur in the gasoline – sulfur oxides (SOx).

Задания к тексту:

a) Прочитайте все 3 текста и скажите о чем в них идет речь:

1.  In this text we consider the atmospheric pollution, the formation of smog, and the automobile’s role in air pollution.

2.  In this text we look at burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline as main pollutants of the atmosphere.

3.  In this text we look at man-made pollutants as the main factors of atmospheric pollution

4.  b) Кратко изложите содержание текста по-русски

Text 4: Ecological Problems of Big Cities.

Экологические проблемы больших городов.

Pre-text exercises

I. Изучите лексику к теме:

environment to run dirty

pollution dust acid rain

nature to protect plant

dangerous to take care of to plant

chemical clean to pollute

pure ruination waste

to cause to throw out

II.Дискуссия на тему «Protection of nature»

1. Why do people worry about ecological situation on our planet?(need of energy, pollution of air, ground, water, ruination of the ozone layer appearance of new diseases).

2. What are the most dangerous substances (вещества) for man and living beings? (human waste, waste from plants, factories and power-stations, pesticides and chemicals, oil from tankers, acid rains).

3. What measures must be taken by all of us not to ruin balance between man and nature (not to throw dust in rivers, in forest, be careful in the forest, not to kill birds and animals).

4. Where do you feel (чувствовать) better: in the forest or in town? Why? (can breathe fresh air, enjoy green trees and flowers, listen to birds twitter and murmur of leaves).

III. Чтение

Задание 1.

Прочитайте газетные статьи и выпишите из них предложения для обсуждения следующих положений:

а) почему опасно жить в мегаполисах;

б) что загрязняет воздух в больших городах и какие меры должны предпринять власти, чтобы остановить растущее загрязнение;

в) какие меры предпринимаются, чтобы уменьшить расход чистой воды для промышленного потребления.

Ecological problems of big cities

Text 1.

There are 150 super cities in the word with population from one to 15 million people and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico, Rio de Janeiro are just a few cities which have grown into giant urban agglomerations. People in the super cities complain more often about bad water and bad air, noise and absence of greenery. A new term – urban climate – was born in the monster cities. It means higher temperatures, oppressive atmosphere, intensive precipitation and smog. Some Western experts claim that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. But are they right?

Notes: giant-гигантский, urban-городской, complain-жаловаться, noise-шум, greenery-зелень, monster-огромный, precipitation-испарение, claim-приходить к выводу.

Text: 2.

There are also 230 rather large cities with a population between 100,000 to one million. So the problem of an ecologically balanced urban environment is becoming extremely topical. Keeping the air and water clean is not enough to make all cities in the country a good place to live in. Cities must be build in a way that people and natural environment co-exist in perfect harmony with nature.

Public transport should be switched over to electrically driven vehicles or moved underground. Fountains and artificial lakes in the center of big cities create a pleasant microclimate in the city.

Notes: extremely-особенно, чрезвычайно, build-строить, in a way-таким образом, co-exist-сосуществовать, should be switched over-должен быть переведен, vehicles-средства передвижения, artificial-искусственный, create-создавать.

Text: 3

«Moscow and Moscovites»

Measure to keep Moscow’s air clean is an important component of the ecological program. The question is tackled from many angles simultaneously. Today practically all city factories have gas washers and dust traps, which prevent toxic substances from getting into the air. Auto-exhaust pollution control is done in different ways, including rigid technical specifications, partial use of gas, an ecologically pure fuel and the wide introduction of exhaust control devices. Moscow has almost 30.000 hectares of lush greenery which helps keep the air clean.

Notes: is tackled from many angles simultaneously-рассматривается со всех точек зрения одновременно, prevent-предотвращать, gas washers and dust traps-газоочистители и пылеуловители, auto-exhaust pollution control-контроль за загрязнением окружающей среды, rigid-строгие, fuel-горючее, introduction-введение, lush-пышный.

Text: 4

«High ozone concentration in London»

Photo-chemical smog measurements in London showed ozone concentration higher than 100parts per billion. There is evidence that the pollution is spreading from London into countryside.

Ozone can be formed by sunlight from oxygen under certain conditions. But high concentrations are usually the result of sunlight breaking down nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Both these components are put into the air by automobiles.

Notes: measurements-измерения, higher-выше чем, evidence-ясно, очевидно, spreading-распространяется, sunlight-солнечный свет, oxygen-кислород, breaking-преломляет, разрушает, oxides-окись азота, hydrocarbons-углеводород.

Text: 5.

Every day Moscow consumes about 6 million cubic metres of water. This amounts to about 700 litres per capita.

As far as bacteriological standards are concerned Moscow water is ozonized and tastes like pure spring water.

What do Moscow factories consume? Most Moscow factories now have a water technology employing used water. But to replenish the stock fresh water is still being consumed.

Notes: consumes-потребляют, capita-составляет…на человека, concerned-касается, employing used water-применяющую использованную водуreplenish the stock-чтобы пополнить запасы.

After-text exercises

Задание 2.

a) Say what pollutes the air in big cities and measures which must be taken by authorities to prevent the growing pollution.

b) Say why it is dangerous nowadays to live in super cities.

c) Say what new technologies are used in big cities for industrial consumption of water.

d) Draw the conclusion. Сделайтевывод.

Задание 3.

Расскажите об экологических проблемах вашего города.

Use the following words:

Coal-Preparation plant – обогатительная фабрика

theNeryungri coal field – Нерюнгринский угольный разрез

machinery – механизмы, техника

crater – кратер

mutilated soil – разрушенная почва

Задание 4.

Посмотрите на картинку и скажите, какие экологические ошибки допустил архитектор при планировке данного микрорайона города.

living space=houses, blocks of flats

work space=factories, plants

recreation space=stadiums, sports-grounds

wildlife space=forest, parks, animals

Задание 5.

Переведите на английский язык:

Природные комплексы Южной Якутии находятся в особо сложных климатических условиях. Они легко поддаются разрушению и особенно чувствительны к воздействию человека.

Леса растут здесь крайне медленно. Кедровый стланик, заросли которого покрывают горные склоны, почти не возобновляется после пожаров.

Огонь – один из самых страшных врагов природы. Ресурсы живого мира в регионе довольно ограничены. Охота и рыболовство, как и всякий спорт, благородна, и для настоящего охотника и рыболова и недопустимы безжалостные способы лова и добычи.

Природа – великое богатство нашей Родины, и нам хранить и преумножать ее богатства и красоту.

Unit 5 THEARTOFBUILDING

Text 1: What We Demand of Modern Architecture

Переведите текст по специальности:

Apart from professional skill, an architect must have an extensive knowledge of all spheres of the cultural life of the people. He must know all kinds of building materials and technology provided by the building industry of today.

Modern building technologies offer perlite – concrete blocks. Perlite is an excellent building material, which is especially valuable as a thermo – insulating filter. It is obtained chiefly from natural rock. It can also be used in house construction.