ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (стр. 14 )

Concrete is a most necessary material in modern architecture. This very old material was used by the ancient Romans.¹ They knew the art of building huge concrete roofs supported only by walls, but this art was lost in the Middle Ages.²

And now concrete again plays an important part the history of architecture.

Concrete is a mixture of a powder called cement, made from clay and chalk, water, sand and broken brick or gravel. When mixed and left for a time, this mass becomes as hard as stone.

A concrete beam, like stone, can crack if heavily weighted, but we know a way – unknown to the ancient Romans – of strengthening concrete.

Before pouring the mixture, one can place long steel rods or a steel mesh into the trough. We call this ferro – concrete, and we can mould it into any shape.³ Concrete is as plastic as clay, and it is much easier to get unusual shapes from concrete than from stone or brick. One can use concrete to model a building into different forms as readily as a child uses plasticine to do the same thing.

Notes

1. was used by the. . . Romans – использовался . . . римлянами

2. was lost in the Middle Ages – былоутраченовсредниевека

3. we can mould it into any shape - мыможемпридатьемулюбуюформу

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

a) 1. Where do we use concrete and brick? 2. Who was the first to use concrete? 3.What kind of roofs did the ancient Romans make? 4. How do we make concrete? 5. How can we strengthen concrete? 6. What shapes can we give to concrete?

2. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных и переведите их.

slow, good, bad, easy, careful, quiet, near, quick, hard, cold, sudden, scientific

3. Из двух слов, данных в скобках, выберите нужное по смыслу

1. Drive (slow, slowly) near schools and nurseries. 2. You are very (slow, slowly). 3. Peter plays chess (good, well). 4. This is a (good, well) picture. 5. Be (careful, carefully) when you cross the street. 6. My brother does his work (careful, carefully). 7. You must be (quick, quickly) if you want to come in time. 8. She smiled (happy, happily). 9. My sister looks very (happy, happily). 10. TheAgeofSciencedidnotcome (sudden, suddenly).

4. Употребите в каждом предложении одно из приведенных ниже наречий

Carefully, often, well, yesterday, seldom, usually, always, never, ever, tomorrow

1. He goes to St. Petersburg. 2. He stays there for more than two days. 3. She plays the piano. 4. Tom prepares his lessons. 5. We go for a walk to the park on Sunday. 6. Ann came to her lessons late. 7. I saw brother in the dining-room. 8. Do you work on Sundays? 9. Why are you late? 10. She is so kind to me.

5. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на употребление глаголов tosay, totell, tospeak в значении говорить

1. He always says what he thinks. 2. Parents must teach children to tell the truth. 3. Can you tell me the way to the central square? 4. Speak louder, I can`t hear what youare saying. 5. He says he is very busy now. 6. Let us speak about the new play. 7. Don`t tell him the sad news. 8. Firstthinkandthenspeak.

6. Напишите и переведите основные формы следующих глаголов.

to build	to go	to see	to read	to know
to prepare	to light	to obtain	to call	to study

7. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

a badly written story, a snow – covered mountain, a well – dressed woman, hard – earned money, low – paid work, a well – done experiment, a kind – hearted girl, prepared and preserved food, electrically lighted and steam heated homes.

8. Переведите данные в скобках причастия на английский язык.

1. The food (приготовленный) by this cook was very tasteful (to cook). 2. Our electrically (освещенные) and steam (отапливаемые) homes are the results of scientific progress (to light, to heat). 3. The (полученный) mixture is called concrete (to obtain). 4. The (горящий) match fell on the floor (to burn). 5. The messages (полученный) by us are very important (to get, got, got). 6. The material (названный) concrete is used in architecture (to call). 7. When (оставленный) for a time concrete becomes as hard as a stone (to leave, left, left). 8. The students (изучающий) English must work regularly (to study). 9. The man (читающий) the order to the students is our college principle (to read).

9. Переведите словa, данные в скобках, и прочтите предложения:

1. We know a way of strengthening (бетона) 2. The worker took (глину), (гравий), (бетон) and (смешал) them. 3. I heard a (треск) and a big (балка) fell down. 4. Is lead a (смесь)? No, it is not. 5. It was raining all day long yesterday. It is (грязно) in the street now. 6. What is the diameter of this (стержня)? 7. He put a steel (стержень) into the (смесь). 8. We can mouldferro – concrete into any (форму). 9. (Научные и сследования) of the laboratory are very important for our industry. 10. When a chemist makes a (синтетический) product, he puts chemical parts into new combinations.

Text 6: MiraclesofScience

Переведите текст с помощью словаря.

We are living in the Age of Science. Our electrically lighted and steam – heated homes, our prepared and preserved food, our synthetic clothing are all the results of patient scientific research.

We travel across vast lands in fast electric trains. We ride across bridges. We fly in huge airplanes over great distances of land and water. We send and receive massages by means of telephone, radio, and television. We know what is happening around the world by reading our newspapers and by listening to radios and by watching TV.

Our doctors now cure many diseases which resulted in death only a few years ago.

This Age of Science did not come suddenly. It has taken centuries of scientific research and invention to develop the civilization of the modern type.

2. Переведите предложения, укажите, чем являются выделенные слова: сказуемым или причастием.

1. He left for Moscow yesterday. The book left on the table is mine. 2. The workers built many houses in this street last year. The houses built by the workers are of modern design. 3. Pierre and Mary Curie discovered a new element. They called the discovered element radium. 4. He used many interesting facts in his report. When used for building concrete is very important.

Text 7: The Most Important Building Materials

Lime, gypsum and cement are the three materials most widelyused in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units, such as stone,brick and constituents of wall plaster. Cement is the most important component of concrete. Concrete is an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar. Mortar is a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles with cement, which has the capacity ofhardening into a rocklike mass. These materials form very important elements in all masonry structures.

Common building brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion of fine sand. The material is mixed with water, and the mass is pressed througha rectangular opening and cut crosswise with wires. The presence of sand lowers the plasticity of the raw material, but decreases its tendency to crack, twistor shrink during drying. The fully dried material is heated until it begins to vitrify. This means that the temperature is fully reached, at which the more fusible components of the mixture begin to melt to a liquid, which flows around the unfused particles, cementing them firmly together. When it has been carried, the ceramic material is said to be completely vitrified.

The most important building materials now are structuralsteel andconcrete. The outer walls and the roofhave lost their old importance. They are no longer structural. The walls, which no longer to support the structure, can be made of any kind of material. The roofs may be flat.

With glass and ferro-concrete as construction materials and with modern synthetic materials for interior decoration, architects and construction workerserect structures which represent a harmonious blend of national and modern style.

Notes: 1. cutcrosswisewithwires – резать поперек с помощью проволоки

Pre-textexercises

1. Выпишите из текста выделенные слова и найдите их значения в англо-русском словаре.

2. Переведите словосочетания:

а) N.B! more – более, больше;most - самый

most widely used in building construction

stone, brick and constituents of wall plaster

masonry units, masonry structures

the most important component of concrete

artificial conglomerate of stone, gravel or similar inert materialstone

a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles

a rectangular opening

the plasticity of raw material

tendency to crack, twist or shrinkto melt to a liquidsynthetic materials for interior decoration

the more fusible components of the mixturerepresent a harmonious blend of national and modern style

b) Переведите предложения:

N.B! Слова с ing-окончанием могут представлять разные части речи: существительные (что?), причастия (какой?), деепричастия (как), герундий (что? что делать?)

1. Lime, gypsum and cement are used in building construction for the purpose of bending together masonry units.

2 Mortar is a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles with cement.