The principal minerals, in terms of value, are petroleum, natural gas, coal, stone, cement, sand and gravel, copper, gold, iron ore, clay, phosphates, lime, salt, sodium carbonate, bolon minerals, magnesium, sulphur, uranium, silver, lead, and zinc.
Almost one-fifth of the labour force is engaged in manufacturing, and industry contributes about the same proportion to the GNP. The leading industries in terms of value are transportation equipment, electric and electronic machinery, food and related products, industrial machinery and equipment, chemicals, fabricated metal products, paper products, instruments, primary metals, petroleum and coal products, rubber and plastic products. The United States is the world’s leader in production and export of various types of machinery, including office and telecommunication equipment; of transportation equipment, such as automobiles; of industrial raw materials; and of chemicals.
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry together employ less than 3% of of the total labor force and contribute about 2% of the GNP. The leading crops, in order of value, are corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, hay, tobacco, potatotoes, peanuts, and rice. Most livestock is produced in the West and Midwest. The United States is the world’s leading producer of soybeans and corn and among the leading producers of meat, wheat, and tobacco.
Foreign or international trade enables the United States to specialize in producing those goods it is best suited to make from its available resources. The United States is the world’s leading trading nation.
Nonagricultural products usually account for approximately 90 percent of the yearly value of exports and agricultural products for about 10 percent.
Machinery and transportation equipment make up the leading categories of exports. Other leading exports include electrical equipment, chemicals, precision instruments, and food products, soybeans and corn are leading agricultural exports.
Canada, Japan and Mexico are the country’s most important trade partners. They provide the markets for 41 percent of total annual U. S. exports and are the source of 44 percent of the nation’s imports. Chief trading partners for exports are Canada, Japan, Mexico, Great Britain, South Corea, Germany, Taiwan. Chief trading partners for imports are Canada, Japan, Mexico, China, Great Britain, Germany, Taiwan. Leading sources of U. S.petroleum imports are Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Canada, Mexico and Nigeria.
In addition to petroleum, principal imports are automobiles, non-electrical machinery, electrical equipment, consumer goods, and food.
Geographical Position of the USA.
The United States of America are the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and half million square kiometeres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a seaborder with Russia.
The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where Washinghton, the capital of the country, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million.
If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska. America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and the deepest in the USA.
The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the North. The climate of Alaska is arctic; the climate of the central part is continental; the south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf-of-Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.
Though mainly European and African in origin, Americans are made up of nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and native Americans. The largest cities of the USA are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington and others.
The US is a federal republic of 50 states; each of them has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government, Washington D. C., is divided into three branches: the executive branch headed by the President, the legislative branch exercised by the Congress, and the judicial branch. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic.
Числительное /The Numeral
Числительное - часть речи, которая обозначает количество предметов или их порядок при счете. Имена числительные делятся на количественные и порядковые.
Количественные числительные /Cardinal Numerals
Количественные числительные обозначают количество предметов и употребляются в ответе на вопрос: Сколько? (How many?).
Количественные числительные от 1 до 12 - простые. Они не имеют специальных окончаний.
1 | one | 7 | seven |
Количественные числительные от 13 до 19 - оканчиваются на суффикс - teen.
13 | thirteen | 17 | seventeen |
Количественные числительные, обозначающие десятки, окончиваются на суффикс - ty.
20 | twenty | 60 | sixty |
Количественные числительные употреблся для обозначения:
- Дат
(She was born on March 4, 1982).
Дата читается: оn March fourth nineteen eighty two или on the fourth of March nineteen eighty two. Номеров домов, квартир:
I live in flat 14. / Читается как flat fourteen /. автобусов, троллейбусов:
Take bus 5 to get to the park. / Читается как bus five /. глав, страниц книги:
Open the book at page 20. / Читается как page twenty /.
Числительные в этом случае стоят после определяемого слова.
Порядковые числительные / Ordinal Numerals
Порядковые числительные обозначают порядок предметов при счете. Порядковые числительные часто употребляются в ответе на вопрос Какой? (по порядку - which?). Существительные в этом случае имеют определенный артикль (the), который ставится перед порядковым числительным.
Форму порядковых числительных от 1 до 3 следует запомнить:
1 - the first
2 - the second
3 - the third
Порядковые числительные от 4 до 20 образуются от количественных при помощи суффикса - th.
4 - the fourth
5 - the fifth
6 - the sixth
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 - the ninteenth
20 - the twentieth
При образовании числительных, обозначающих десятки, прибавляется - eth и буква y меняется на букву i.
thirtieth | sixtieth |
1. Fill the blanks in
1. There are ________ months in a year.
2. January is ________ month of the year.
3. May is ________ month of the year.
4. There are ________ months in winter.
5. December is ________ month of the year and ________ month of winter.
6. There are ________ days in a week: ________ one is Monday, ________ one is Tuesday, ________one is 7. Wednesday, ________ one is Thursday, ________ one is Friday, ________ one is Saturday and ________ one is Sunday.
nday is ________ day of the week in England and ________ one in Russia.
9. Monday is ________ day in Russia and ________ in Great Britain.
10. There are ________ hours in a day, ________ minutes in an hour and ________ seconds in a minute.
11. September, April, June and November have ________ days. All the rest have ________ except February.
12. There are ________ days in February except the leap year. It's the time when February has ________ days.
2. Pronounce the Numerals.
9.02.1997
22.06.1941
5.08.1975
7 + 5 = 12
7 + 25 = 32
I live in Tverskaya street 25, flat 69
121600 square mile
3. Write the correct answers:
a. What is 4 times 4?
b. What is the answer if you divide 100 by 10?
c. What is the answer if you add 10 to 10?
d. What remains if you subtract 10 from 50?
e. What is 8 times 8?
f. What is the answer if you divide 20 by 2?
4. Write the correct answer for each sentence, using either words to spell out the numbers (thirty-one) or numerals where appropriate (31). If the sentence is correct write a C.
___ 351 people attended the performance. ___ There were one hundred and thirty-five pieces in the puzzle. ___ Class started at eight-thirty A. M. in Room Twenty. ___ In the sixties there were sit-ins at 100's of colleges. ___ Every afternoon at two o'clock the chimes rang. ___ The stock deal, which involved $4.5 billion, paid a twelve and a half percent dividend. ___ The Lafayette television station is Channel Eighteen. ___ They needed eight ten-foot poles for the construction. ___ The vote was 126 in favor of the action and only sixteen opposed. ___ The assignment was to read chapter 6, pages 31-39. ___ Only fifty percent of high school students go on to college. ___ We were assigned a report of about 10 pages in length. Оборот there + be
При переводе подобных предложений оборот нужно переводить как есть, находится, имеется.
There is a mistake in this text - В этом тексте есть (имеется) ошибка.
There are trees in his garden - В его саду есть (имеются) деревья.
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