Follow-up: The education system in the USA is a bit different from in the UK. Find out what the following terms mean in the US education system.
high-school college sophomore graduate school
EDUCATION
Read the following summary, then listen to the tape and fill in the gaps.
The idea remains that students are 1) ......................... containers which a teacher fills with knowledge. However, this approach no longer works. The teacher's role is no longer simply to feed information to students. Facts are available in 2)......................., on CD ROMS and on the 3)............................. What students need are the 4).............to find this information. Cooperative learning encourages 5)............................tolerance and helpfulness towards others. Students work in pairs, in threes and in 6)............of four. The teacher is the 7).............., not the master. Brett Melville, a pupil, says: "In our class, we have time to discuss issues and 8)..............in detail." Lynne Gedye, a teach er, says: "The children's response was 9).........................." Cooperative learning turns the classroom from a competitive arena into a place where learning facts and life skills is 10)..............and effective.
Reading
You are going to read a text about a new teaching method. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).
COOPERATIVE LEARNING
The concept of cooperative learning is alien to all of us who were taught the traditional way, but it offers our children the adventure of finding their own answers. Di Lilford reports.
If you took a doctor from the 19th century and put her in modern operating theatre, she would have no idea what to do, but if you put a teacher from the 19th centure into a modern classroom she would be able to carrу on teaching without pause. 0/D
The idea remains that students are empty containers which the teacher fills with knowledge, and that all students have to do is listen and write.
Education consultant Alyce Miller says: "This approach does not work in today's changing world. We are not teaching creative problem-solving. We encourage competition, believing that this brings out the best in people." But this is not so. 1/------- She goes on to say that the teacher's role is no longer to feed stu - s with information. "The facts are available in libraries, on CD ROMS and on the Internet. What student s need are the skills to find this information, to use it and to think creatively in order to solve the problems of our world."
Miller believes that cooperative learning is the future of educatio and thinks of it as the best way to encourage responsibility, tolerance and helpfulness towards others. 2/--------
In cooperative learning classes, the traditional classroom physical layout is abandoned. 3/--------
Students learn to work first in pairs, then in threes, and ly in teams of four. Students are required to participate actively in discussing and shaping their own knowledge. The teacher, who is still very important to the process, becomes the helper rather than the master.
Aarnout Brombacher, head of the mathematics department at Westerford High School, says: "The incorrect assumption that many people make about cooperative
learning is that it is merely group work. It is much, much more. 4/-------- With this technique, most of the time in the classroom is spent teaching them these skills - life skills."
Brett Melville, a 17-year-old pupil at the school, agrees. "You learn the same material as you would using the normal method, but this way you learn how to work with others at the same time. In our class, we are given enough time to discuss issues and problems in detail." 5/-----------
One teacher, Lynne Gedye, has been using cooperative learning in her classes for two years. She says, "This year we have several pupils in the class who can hardly speak a word of English. I was tearing my hair out, wondering what to do, but I need not have worried. The children's response was amazing.6/---------
All in all, it seems that cooperative learning turns the classroom from a competitive arena into a place where learning facts and life skills is both more fun and more effective for pupils and teachers alike.
A Children do not sit in straight rows of desks facing the teacher, but rather face one another to make it easier to share ideas.
В The strong ones coached the weak ones endlessly so that they could participate in the question time too.
С However, she believes that this method is not suitable for all pupils.
D Teaching methods have hardly changed in one hundred years.
E She says that good relationships are the key to effective learning.
F Encouraging children to concentrate on getting the best marks destroys motivation and takes the fun out of learning.
Simple Past | Past Perfect Simple |
2nd column of irregular verbs Example: I spoke | had + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I had spoken |
regular verbs: infinitive + ed Example: I worked | regular verbs: form of have + infinitive + ed Example: I had worked |
Exceptions | |
Exceptions when adding ed:
Example: love - loved
Example: admit - admitted
Example: travel - travelled
Example: worry - worried but: play - played |
Use
We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.
Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?
Do you just want to tell what happened some time in the past or do you want to tell what had happened before/up to a certain time in the past?
Simple Past | Past Perfect Simple |
some time in the past Example: Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday presents and then the whole family went to the zoo. | before/up to a certain time in the past Example: Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo. |
Signal Words
Simple Past | Past Perfect Simple |
|
|
*Note: "After" is only used as a signal word for Past Perfect if it is followed by a subject + verb, meaning that one action had been completed before another action began (the new action is in Simple Past).
Example:
After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.
However, if "after" is followed by object + subject + verb, the verb belongs to the new action and is therefore in Simple Past.
Example:
After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted.
More exceptions with signal words
When
Depending on the situation, "when" can be used with Simple Past or Past pare the following examples:
Example:
When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time)
When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (second action happened after the first action had been completed)
When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had been completed when the first action took place)
Before
"Before" as well can either be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. If the action after "before" is a new action, use Simple Past. If the action after "before" started (and was not completed) before a certain time in the past, use Past pare the following examples:
Example:
Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo.
Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.
Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect).
My friend (eat)
up all the biscuit we (bake) 
. The teacher (correct) 
the tests we (write) 
. I (give) 
them some of the candies I (buy) 
. My sister (see / not) 
the note that I (lay) 
on the kitchen table for her. We (want) 
to watch a film that we (see / not) 
before. Insert the verbs in the Past Perfect tense.
I... (to have) breakfast before I went to school. He went to meet his friends after he... (to do) his 8 o’clock the rain... (to stop). Alice was late because she... (to miss) the bus. She went to the post-office after she... (to write) the letter. He... (to work) at the factory before he entered the college. He got a bad mark for his test because he... (to make) a lot of mistakes in it. I went to bed after I... (to finish) reading the book. The child... (to fall) asleep before the parents came home. They... (to marry) before they bought this house.
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