Сборник методических указаний для обучающихся к практическим занятиям (стр. 7 )

Упражнение 6. Ваш товарищ был болен и не мог принять участие в беседе о д-ром Нельсоном. Расскажите ему, что нового вы узнали о подготовке врачей в США.. Используйте в своем рассказе следующие слова и словосочетания:

to enter a college, an admission test, an admission committee, to assess the character of an applicant, ability for the study of medicine, a premedical curriculum, premeds, a M. D., residency at the clinic, be granted a license.

Приложение 2

THE COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

It is the third oldest and the largest private dental school in the United States. It is composed of clinics, laboratories, and other teaching facilities contained within several buildings.Since its foundation, New York University has been a private university, operating under a board of trustees.

Being founded in 1865, the New York College of Dentistry became an integral part of New York University in 1925.

A few years ago the College of Dentistry reached a decision to expand its previous three-year curriculum to a four-year curriculum. The curriculum is a synthesis of many areas of knowledge, including: biology, physics, biochemistry, medicine, surgery, biomechanics, aesthetics, manual skills and social sciences. In addition to providing the student with the biological and social basis for application of clinical skills, the educational programme focuses on prevention as a much desired goal in dental practice and research. Advances in the dental sciences and the increasing dental health needs of the public call for an understanding of general health problems and greater cooperation with other health professions.

The educational goal is to educate and train clinically competent general practitioners, well-grounded in both basic and clinical sciences, fully prepared to adapt to changes in dental care needs and ready to keep up-to-date with the developing dental knowledge.

During the first and second years, the course includes both the basic sciences and clinical sciences.

Clinical practice during the first and second years begins with a series of lectures on the dental patient aimed at preparing the student for the duties and responsibilities of everyday practice. The student learns the importance and the role of the dentist as part of the health team. During the second, and continuing into the third and fourth years, each student is assigned patients. Duties begin with examination of the patient and end only when the patient's dental health is restored to the best possible state. The students are responsible for treatment planning, making appointments and providing dental treatment.

Приложение 3 THE COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

PART ONE

It is the third oldest and the largest private dental school in the United States. It is administered by the Kiser Dental Centre and is composed of clinics, laboratories, and other teaching facilities contained within several buildings. Since its foundation, New York University has been a private university, operating under a board of trustees and deriving its income from tuition, endowment grants from private foundations and government, alumni, corporations and other philantropic sources.

Being founded in 1865, the New York College of Dentistry became an integral part of New York University in 1925. With its prestigious background and contemporary perspective, the College of Dentistry, through significant contributions to dental education, research and patient care has extended itsinfluence around the world.

A few years ago the College of Dentistry reached a decision to expand its previous three-year curriculum to a four-year curriculum. The curriculum is a synthesis of many areas of knowledge, including biology, physics, biochemistry, medicine, surgery, biomechanics, aesthetics, manual skills and social sciences. In addition to providing the student with a biological and social basis for application of clinical skills, the educational programme focuses on prevention as a much desired goal in dental practice and research. Advances in the dental sciences and the increasing dental health needs of the public call for an understanding of general health problems and greater cooperation with other health professions.

The educational goal is to educate and train clinically competent and sophisticated general practitioners, well-grounded in both basic and clinical sciences, fully prepared to adapt to changes in dental care needs and ready to keep up-to-date with the developing dental knowledge.

PART TWO

During the first and second years, the course includes both basic sciences and clinical sciences. Students receive instruction in principles of human behaviour, utilization of auxiliary personnel, practice management and other areas relating to the organization of work. They also have courses in nutrition, normal mastication, physical diagnosis and life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Students are also required to choose one of the humanities electives. During the third year extensive didactic instruction is given in endodontics, fixed prosthodontics, occlusion, operative dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral diagnosis, orthodontics, pedodontics, periodontics, radiology and removable prosthodontics. At the same time, special attention is being paid to instruction in general and oral medicine, detection and treatment of oral, and facial cancer, cariology. The fourth year is devoted essentially to the Comprehensive Care and Applied Practice Administration Programme which will orient the student preparing him/her for the practice of general dentistry and for providing comprehensive dental care in practice setting.

Clinical practice during the first and second years begins with a series of lectures on the dental patient aimed at preparing the student for the duties and responsibilities of everyday practice. The student learns the importance and the role of the dentist as part of the health team. During the second, and continuing into the third and fourth years, each student is assigned patients. Duties begin with examination of the patient and end only when the patient's dental health is restored to the best possible state. The students are responsible for treatment planning, making appointments and providing dental treatment.

Research. While the College of Dentistry has long considered its primary mission is teaching, it has placed considerable emphasis on its research activities believing that an essential part of the education of dental students lies in the understanding of how research contributes to knowledge.

Requirements for Admission. All students applying to the New York University College of Dentistry must meet the minimum requirements as follows:

pletion of at least three years of study (a minimum 90 hours) in anaccredited college or university.

2. The following minimum course requirements must be met:

English - 6 semester hours' credit

Biology and physics - 6-8 semester hours' credit Inorganic chemistry - 8-12 semester hours' credit Organic chemistry - 6-8 semester hours' credit.

Additional courses in comparative anatomy, embryology, histology and electives are recommended. Courses fulfilling the above requirements are offered by the New York University's College of Arts and Science at Washington Square.

Questions:

1. What is the oldest and largest dental school in the USA?

2. What is this dental school composed of?

3. Is New York University a state or private university?

4. What is the period of study at the College of Dentistry?

5. Do the students study social sciences there?

6. What does educational programme focus on?

7. What is the educational goal of this oldest dental school?

8. How is the idea of cooperation with other health professions reflected in the first - and second-year curricula?

9. In what way does the curriculum in the third year differ from those in the first and second years?

10. What is the aim in the fourth year?

11. When does clinical practice start? How does it begin?

12. When is a student assigned patients?

13. What are the student's duties in the course of clinical practice?

14. Who is responsible for treatment planning?

15. Why does the College place considerable emphasis on research?

Приложение 4 Medical Education in the USA

After finishing his primary school and secondary studies at the age of 18, the candidate for a medical school must complete at least three years of higher education in a college or university. This period is called "the premedical phase". The students who are taking this course of studies preparing them for a medical school are called "pre-meds". A student applies for a medical school when he has completed pre-medical studies. The application costs approximately $50.

The selection of students for medical schools greatly depends on their academic achievement. In most medical schools candidates are required to pass the admission test. This is a national multiple-choice test. The test lasts about eight hours over a one-day period and includes questions in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and English. Then, special admission committees have personal interviews with the applicants in order to assess their general qualities, their

character and the ability to study medicine.

The competition among applicants to medical schools is very high and only half of those who apply to a medical school are accepted and begin their medical the way, what Americans call "medical school" corresponds to Russian "medical institute".

The curriculum of medical schools in the USA does not greatly differ from the curriculum in Russian medical institutes and medical faculties of universities. The basic sciences are taught largely during the first two years of medical studies. For instance, in the first year students study anatomy, biochemistry, biophysics, physiology, bacteriology, histology and other subjects. In the second year they learn microbiology, pathology, physical diagnosis, pharmacology, and laboratory diagnosis.

The curriculum of the final two years includes clinical subjects. Medical students do their practicum at teaching hospitals affiliated to the medical school. Students in small groups meet their teachers in the wards and in the out-patient departments where they participate in the treatment of patients.

At the end of four years all students receive the Degree of Doctor of Medicine, that is the M. D. Then they must work for one year as interns. This course of training at the hospital or clinic is called an internship. After their internship young doctors must have a period of residency at the clinic. This period is obligatory for all medical graduates. It varies depending on the specialty of the doctor. Generally, the period of residency is three or four years. For example, residency in surgery and neurosurgery lasts four years. Residency in internal medicine, preventive medicine and radiology lasts four three years. After the residency, the graduate is granted a license to practice and he may work in government service or in private practice.

The cost of the medical education, or tuition fee, is very high in the USA. Medical schools are gradually increasing their tuition fee in all the universities. Only a small percentage of the students receive scholarships. The majority of the students have to work to pay for their studies. The government-financed universities charge less, while the tuition at the private colleges and universities is extremely high. A typical budget for an academic year amounts to $18,000-20,000 including: tuition fee, books, instruments, etc, food, lodging and utilities, health service fee, hospital insurance, personal expenditures.

1. Занятие №6.
Тема: «The Skeleton».

2. Форма организации учебного процесса: практическое занятие. Методы обучения: репродуктивный, объяснительно - иллюстративный.

3. Актуальность темы обеспечивается, во-первых, ее параллельным изучением в курсе анатомии человека. Во-вторых, основные речевые конструкции, усвоенные в ходе изучения данной темы, послужат основой при реферировании и аннотировании студентами текстов, описывающих строение других систем жизнедеятельности организма человека.

4. Цели обучения:

Общая цель: студент должен обладать ОК-1,ОК-5,ОК-6,ПК-50.

Учебная цель -

Знать: лексический минимум лексических единиц общего и терминологического характера по теме занятия.

Уметь: использовать терминологические единицы и терминоэлементы по теме,

рассказать о строении скелета человека, использовать в речи конструкции there is/there are и времена группы Indefinite (Active Voice).

Владеть: иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности получения информации из зарубежных источников, навыками изучающего и просмотрового видов чтения.

5. План изучения темы:

5.1. Контроль исходного уровня знаний. Фронтальный опрос: проверка знания ключевых терминов из курса анатомии человека, а также умения использовать в речи конструкции there is/there are и времена группы Indefinite (Active Voice). Выполнение тренировочных упражнений №1 - №7 (1,стр. 45-46). (1, стр.47).

5.2. Основные понятия и положения темы.

Введение нового грамматического материала: Оборот there is/ there are. Времена группы Indefinite (Active Voice)

Тема «The Skeleton» предполагает ознакомление со строением скелета человека, изучение основных составляющих скелет костей и их функций. Чтение и перевод текста.

"The Skeleton"

The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. Fused bones include those

of the pelvis and the cranium. Osteocytes are present in the bone matrix. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are present at the edges of bone matrix and are involved with bone matrix production and absorption respectively. Bones all have an arterial blood supply, venous drainage and nerves. The non-articular surfaces of bones are covered with a tough fibrous layer called the periosteum, and the articular surfaces of bones are covered with a smooth layer of articular cartilage. Spaces within some bones, generally the larger bones, are filled with bone marrow responsible for generation of blood cells, known as haematopoiesis.

Early in gestation, a foetus has a cartilaginous skeleton from which the long bones and most other bones gradually form throughout the remaining gestation period and for years after birth in a process called endochondral ossification. The flat bones of the skull and the clavicles are formed from connective tissue in a process known as intramembranous ossification, and ossification of the mandible occurs in the fibrous membrane covering the outer surfaces of Meckel's cartilages. At birth a newborn baby has approximately 300 bones, whereas on average an adult human has 206 bones (these numbers can vary slightly from individual to individual). The difference comes from a number of small bones that fuse together during growth, such as the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column. The sacrum (the bone at the base of the spine) consists of five bones which are separate at birth but fuse together into a solid structure in later years. An infant is born with zones of cartilage, called epiphyseal plates, between segments of bone to allow further growth. Growing is usually completed between ages 13 and 18, at which time the epiphyseal plates of long bones close allowing no further growth.

The skeleton has six main functions:

1. Provide shape and support. The skeleton provides the framework which supports the
body, and maintains its shape. The joints between bones permit movement.

2. Attachment. The bones of the skeleton provide an attachment surface for muscles and
tendons which together enable movement of the body. Ligaments often connect bones
across a joint to provide stability. Microscopic fibres called Sharpie's fibres connect
teeth to the bone of their sockets.

3. Movement. Movement in vertebrates is dependent on the skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton by tendons. Without the skeleton to give leverage, movement would be greatly restricted.

4. Protection. The skeleton protects many vital organs: The skull protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears, the spine protects the spinal cord, the ribs, spine, and sternum protect the lungs and the heart, the clavicle and scapula protect the shoulder, the ilium and spine protect the digestive and urogenital systems and the hip, the patella and the ulna protect the elbow and the knee, and the carpals and tarsals protect the wrist and ankle.Blood cell production. The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis - the generation of blood cells, which takes place in red bone marrow.

5. Storage. Bone also serves as a mineral storage deposit in which nutrients can be stored and retrieved. Calcium, especially, can be released by dissolution of bone tissue under the control of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (a form of vitamin D) during periods of low calcium intake.

Organization. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has five areas and consists of 80 bones in a typical adult (number of bones): Skull, Ossicles (bones of the middle ear), Hyoid bone (bone in the throat), Vertebral column, Chest. The appendicular skeleton has six areas and consists of 126 bones in a typical adult: Shoulder girdle, Arms, Hands, Pelvic girdle, Legs, Feet.

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected with the cervical vertebrae. The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the oral cavity and the other is the cavity of the nose.

The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

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5.3. Самостоятельная работа по теме занятия

Вопросы для самоподготовки.

1. What kinds of bones is the
skeleton made of?

2. Is the backbone the most important part of the body?

3. What classes do the naturalists divide all the animals into?

4. What does the skull include?

5. The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone, don't they?

6. How does the wrist work?

7. What does the spinal canal
contain?

8. What role do the ribs play?

9. What are the functions of the
skeleton?